1ስለሰብአዊ፡መብቶች፡ለማስተማር፡ የሚረዱ፡አንዳንድ፡ዘዴዎች። 2 3በዩኔስኮ፡ተዘጋጅቶ፡በኢትዮጵያ፡ብሄራዊ፡ኮሚሽን፡ተተረጎመ 4አንቀጽ፡፩፤ 5 6የሰው፡ልጅ፡ሁሉ፡ሲወለድ፡ነጻና፡በክብርና፡በመብትም፡እኩልነት፡ያለው፡ነው።፡የተፈጥሮ፡ማስተዋልና፡ሕሊና፡ስላለው፡አንዱ፡ሌላውን፡በወንድማማችነት፡መንፈስ፡መመልከት፡ይገባዋል። 7አንቀጽ፡፪፤ 8 9እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡የዘር፡የቀለም፡የጾታ፡የቋንቋ፡የሃይማኖት፡የፖለቲካ፡ወይም፡የሌላ፡ዓይነት፡አስተሳሰብ፡የብሔራዊ፡ወይም፡የኀብረተሰብ፡ታሪክ፡የሀብት፡የትውልድ፡ወይም፡የሌላ፡ደረጃ፡ልዩነት፡ሳይኖሩ፡በዚሁ፡ውሳኔ፡የተዘረዘሩት፡መብቶችንና፡ነጻነቶች፡ሁሉ፡እንዲከበሩለት፡ይገባል። 10 11ከዚህም፡በተቀረ፡አንድ፡ሰው፡ከሚኖርበት፡አገር፡ወይም፡ግዛት፡የፖለቲካ፡የአገዛዝ፡ወይም፡የኢንተርናሽናል፡አቋም፡የተነሳ፡አገሩ፡ነጻም፡ሆነ፡በሞግዚትነት፡አስተዳደር፡ወይም፡እራሱን፡ችሎ፡የማይተዳደር፡አገር፡ተወላጅ፡ቢሆንም፡በማንኛውም፡ዓይነት፡ገደብ፡ያለው፡አገዛዝ፡ሥር፡ቢሆንም፡ልዩነት፡አይፈጸምበትም። 12አንቀጽ፡፫፤ 13 14እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡የመኖር፣፡በነጻነትና፡በሰላም፡የመኖሩ፡መጠበቅ፡መብት፡አለው። 15አንቀጽ፡፬፤ 16 17ማንም፡ሰው፡ቢሆን፡በባርነት፡አይገዛም።፡ባርነትና፡የባሪያ፡ንግድም፡በማንኛውም፡ዓይነት፡ክልክል፡ነው። 18አንቀጽ፡፭፤ 19 20ማንም፡ሰው፡ቢሆን፡የጭካኔ፡ስቃይ፡እንዳይደርስበት፡ወይም፡ከሰብዓዊ፡አፈጻጸም፡ውጭ፡የሆነ፡የተዋረድ፡ተግባር፡ወይም፡ቅጣት፡አይፈጸምበትም። 21አንቀጽ፡፮፤ 22 23እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡በሕግ፡ፊት፡በሰው፡ዘርነቱ፡የመታወቅ፡መብት፡አለው። 24አንቀጽ፡፯፤ 25 26ሰው፡ሁሉ፡በሕግ፡ፊት፡እኩል፡ነው።፡ያለአንዳች፡ልዩነትም፡ሕጉ፡ደህንነቱን፡እንዲጠበቅለት፡እኩል፡የሆነ፡መብት፡አለው።፡ይህንን፡ውሳኔ፡በመጣስ፡ከሚደረግ፡ልዩነት፡ለማድረግ፡ከሚነሳሳ፡እንዲጠበቅ፡ሁሉም፡የእኩል፡መብት፡አለው።፡ 27አንቀጽ፡፰፤ 28 29እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡በሕገ፡መንግስቱ፡ወይም፡በሕግ፡የተሰጡትን፡መሠረታዊ፡መብቶች፡ከሚጥሱ፡ድርጊቶች፡ከፍተኛ፡በሆኑ፡ብሔራዊ፡የፍርድ፡ባለስልጣኖች፡ፍጹም፡በሆነ፡መንገድ፡እንዲወገድለት፡መብት፡አለው። 30አንቀጽ፡፱፤ 31 32ማንም፡ሰው፡ያለፍርድ፡ተይዞ፡እንዲታሰር፡ወይም፡በግዛት፡እንዲኖር፡አይደረግም። 33አንቀጽ፡፲፤ 34 35እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡በመብቶቹና፡በግዴታዎቹ፡አፈጻጸም፡እንዲሁም፡በሚከሰስበት፡ማንኛውም፡ዓይነት፡የወንጀል፡ክስ፡ነጻ፡በሆነና፡በማያዳላ፡የፍርድ፡ሸንጎ፡በትክክለኛና፡በይፋ፡ጉዳዩ፡እንዲሰማለት፡የሙሉ፡እኩልነት፡መብት፡አለው። 36አንቀጽ፡፲፩፤ 37 38፩/፡ በወንጀል፡ክስ፡የተከሰሰ፡ማንኛውም፡ሰው፡ለመከላከያው፡አስፈላጊዎች፡የሆኑትን፡ሁሉ፡አቅርቦ፡በሚከራከርበት፡የይፋ፡ፍርድ፡ቤት፡በሕግ፡መሠረት፡ወንጀለኛ፡መሆኑ፡እስቲረጋገጥበት፡ድረስ፡ከወንጀል፡ነጻ፡እንደሆነ፡የመቆጠር፡መብት፡አለው። 39 40፪/፡ ማንም፡ሰው፡በብሔራዊ፡ወይም፡በኢንተርናሽናል፡ሕግ፡አንድ፡ነገር፡ወንጀል፡ሆኖ፡ባልተደነገገበት፡ጊዜ፡በፈጸመው፡ወይም፡ባልፈጸመው፡ማንኛውም፡ሥራ፡ወንጀለኛ፡ሆኖ፡አይከሰስም።፡ወይም፡ወንጀሉ፡በተፈጸመበት፡ጊዜ፡ከተደነገገው፡ቅጣት፡ይበልጥ፡አይፈረድበትም። 41አንቀጽ፡፲፪፤ 42 43ማንም፡ሰው፡በግል፡ኑሮው፡በቤተሰቡ፡ውስጥ፡በቤቱ፡ወይም፡በሚጻጻፈው፡ደብዳቤ፡በፍርድ፡ያልተለየ፡ጣልቃ፡ገብነት፡ወይም፡ክብሩን፡የሚነካና፡ስሙን፡የሚያጎድፍ፡ተቃውሞ፡አይፈጸምበትም።፡እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡ከእንደዚህ፡ያለ፡ጣልቃ፡ገብነት፡ወይም፡የሚጎዳ፡ተግባር፡ሕግ፡እንዲከላከልለት፡መብት፡አለው።፡ 44አንቀጽ፡፲፫፤ 45 46፩/፡ እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡በየብሔራዊ፡ወሰን፡ክልሉ፡የመዘዋወርና፡የመኖር፡ነጻነት፡መብት፡አለው። 47 48፪/፡ እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡ከማንኛውም፡አገር፡ሆነ፡ከራሱ፡አገር፡ወጥቶ፡እንደገና፡ወደ፡አገሩ፡የመመለስ፡መብት፡አለው። 49አንቀጽ፡፲፬፤ 50 51፩/፡ እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡ከጭቆና፡ሸሽቶ፡በሌሎች፡አገሮች፡ጥገኝነትን፡የመጠየቅና፡በደህና፡የመኖር፡መብት፡አለው። 52 53፪/፡ ፖለቲካዊ፡ካልሆኑ፡ወንጀሎች፡ወይም፡የተባበሩት፡መንግሥታት፡ድርጅት፡ዋና፡ዓላማዎችን፡ከሚቃረኑ፡ሥራዎች፡የተነሳ፡በሚደርሱ፡ክሶች፡ምክንያት፡ከሆነ፡ይህ፡መብት፡ሊያገለግል፡አይችልም። 54አንቀጽ፡፲፭፤ 55 56፩/፡ እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡የዜግነት፡መብት፡አለው። 57 58፪/፡ ማንም፡ሰው፡ያለፍርድ፡ዜግነቱ፡አይወሰድበትም፡ወይም፡ዜግነቱን፡የመለወጥ፡መብት፡አይነፈገውም። 59አንቀጽ፡፲፮፤ 60 61፩/፡ አካለ፡መጠን፡የደረሱ፡ወንዶችና፡ሴቶች፡በዘር፡በዜግነት፡ወይም፡በሃይማኖት፡ልዩነት፡ሳይወሰኑ፡ጋብቻን፡የመፈጸምና፡ቤተሰብን፡የመመሥረት፡መብት፡አላቸው፤፡ጋብቻ፡በመፈጸም፡በጋብቻ፡ጊዜና፡ጋብቻ፡በሚፈርስበትም፡ጊዜ፡እኩል፡መብት፡አላቸው። 62 63፪/፡ ጋብቻ፡የሚፈጸመው፡ጋብቻ፡ለመፈጸም፡በሚፈልጉ፡ሁለቱም፡ወገኖች፡በሚያደርጉት፡ነጻና፡ሙሉ፡ስምምነት፡መሠረት፡ብቻ፡ነው። 64 65፫/፡ ቤተሰብ፡በኀብረ፡ሰብ፡የተፈጥሮና፡መሰረታዊ፡ክፍል፡ስለሆነ፡በኀብረሰቡና፡በመንግሥቱም፡ደህንነቱ፡እንዲጠበቅለት፡ይገባል። 66አንቀጽ፡፲፯፤ 67 68፩/፡ እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡ብቻውን፡ወይም፡ከሌሎች፡ጋር፡በኀብረት፡ሆኖ፡የኀብረት፡ባለቤትነት፡መብት፡አለው። 69 70፪/፡ ማንም፡ሰው፡ያለፍርድ፡ንብረቱ፡አይወሰድበትም። 71አንቀጽ፡፲፰፤ 72 73እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡የሃሳብ፡የሕሊናና፡የሃይማኖት፡ነጻነት፡መብት፡አለው።፡ይህም፡መብት፡ሃይማኖቱን፡ወይም፡እምነቱን፡የመለወጥ፡ነጻነትንና፡ብቻውን፡ወይም፡ከሌሎች፡ጋር፡በኀብረት፡በይፋ፡ወይም፡በግል፡ሆኖ፡ሃይማኖቱን፡ወይም፡እምነቱን፡የማስተማር፣፡በተግባር፡የመግለጽ፡የማምለክና፡የማክበር፡ነጻነትን፡ይጨምራል። 74አንቀጽ፡፲፱፤ 75 76እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡የሐሳብና፡ሐሳቡን፡የመግለጽ፡መብት፡አለው።፡ይህም፡መብት፡ያለጣልቃ፡ገብነት፡በሐሳብ፡የመጽናትንና፡ዜናን፡ወይም፡ሐሳቦችን፡ያላንዳች፡የድንበር፡ገደብ፡የማግኘትን፡የመቀበልንና፡ወይም፡የማካፈልን፡ነጻነትም፡ይጨምራል። 77አንቀጽ፡፳፤ 78 79፩/፡ እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡በሰላም፡የመሰብሰብና፡ግንኙነት፡የማድረግ፡ነጻነት፡መብት፡አለው። 80 81፪/፡ ማንም፡ሰው፡የአንድ፡ማኀበር፡አባል፡እንዲሆን፡አይገደድም። 82አንቀጽ፡፳፩፤ 83 84፩/፡ እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡በቀጥታ፡ወይም፡ነጻ፡በሆነ፡መንገድ፡በተመረጡ፡እንደራሴዎች፡አማካኝነት፡በአገሩ፡መንግስት፡የመካፈል፡መብት፡አለው። 85 86፪/፡ እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡በአገሩ፡የህዝብ፡አገልግሎት፡እኩል፡የማግኘት፡መብት፡አለው። 87 88፫/፡ የመንግስት፡ሥልጣን፡መሠረቱ፡የሕዝቡ፡ፈቃድ፡መሆን፡አለበት።፡ይህም፡ፈቃድ፡ለሁሉም፡እኩል፡በሆነ፡በምሥጢር፡በሚደረግ፡የድምፅ፡መስጠት፡ምርጫ፡ወይም፡በተመሳሳይ፡ሁኔታ፡በየጊዜውና፡በትክክል፡በሚፈጸሙ፡ምርጫዎች፡እንዲገለጽ፡መሆን፡አለበት። 89አንቀጽ፡፳፪፤ 90 91እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡የኀብረ፡ሰብ፡አባል፡እንደመሆኑ፡በኀብረ፡ሰብ፡ደህንነቱ፡እንዲጠበቅ፡መብት፡አለው።፡እንዲሁም፡በብሔራዊ፡ጥረትና፡በኢንተርናሽናል፡መተባበር፡አማካይነትና፡በእያንዳንዱ፡መንግስት፡ድርጅትም፡የሀብት፡ምንጮች፡መሰረት፡ለክብሩና፡ለሰብዓዊ፡አቅሙ፡ነጻ፡እድገት፡የግድ፡አስፈላጊ፡የሆኑት፡የኤኮኖሚ፡የማኀበራዊ፡ኑሮና፡የባህል፡መብቶች፡በተግባር፡እንዲገለጹለት፡መብት፡አለው። 92አንቀጽ፡፳፫፤ 93 94፩/፡ እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡የመሥራት፡የሥራ፡ነጻ፡ምርጫና፡ለሥራም፡ትክክለኛና፡ተስማሚ፡የአሠራር፡ሁኔታዎችና፡ሥራም፡እንዳያጣ፡መብት፡አለው። 95 96፪/፡ እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡ያላንዳች፡ልዩነት፡ማድረግ፡ለአንድ፡ዓይነት፡ሥራ፡እኩል፡የሆነ፡ደመወዝ፡የማግኘት፡መብት፡አለው። 97 98፫/፡ በሥራ፡ላይ፡ያለ፡ሰው፡ለእራሱና፡ለቤተሰቡ፡ለሰብዓዊ፡ክብር፡ተገቢ፡የሆነ፡ኑሮን፡የሚያስገኝለትና፡ካስፈለገም፡በሌሎች፡የኀብረሰብ፡ደህንነት፡መጠበቂያ፡ዘዴዎች፡የተደገፈ፡ትክክለኛና፡ተስማሚ፡ዋጋውን፡የማግኘት፡መብት፡አለው። 99 100፬/፡ እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡ጥቅሞቹን፡ለማስከበር፡የሙያ፡ማኀበሮችን፡ለማቋቋምና፡ማኀበርተኛ፡ለመሆን፡መብት፡አለው። 101አንቀጽ፡፳፬፤ 102 103እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡የዕረፍትና፡የመዝናናት፡እንዲሁም፡በአግባብ፡የተወሰኑ፡የሥራ፡ሰዓቶች፡እንዲኖሩትና፡በየጊዜው፡የዕረፍት፡ጊዜያትን፡ከደመወዝ፡ጋር፡የማግኘት፡መብት፡አለው። 104አንቀጽ፡፳፭፤ 105 106፩/፡ እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡ለእራሱና፡ለቤተሰቡ፡ጤንነትና፡ደህንነት፡ምግብ፣፡ልብስ፣፡ቤትና፡ሕክምና፡አስፈላጊ፡የማኀበራዊ፡ኑሮ፡አገልግሎቶችም፡ጭምር፡የሚበቃ፡የኑሮ፡ደረጃ፡ለማግኘት፡መብት፡አለው።፡ሥራ፡ሳይቀጠር፡ቢቀር፡ቢታመም፡ለመሥራት፡ባይችል፡ባል፡ወይም፡ሚስት፡ቢሞት፡ቢያረጅ፡ወይም፡ከቁጥጥሩ፡ውጭ፡በሆኑ፡ምክንያቶች፡መሰናከል፡ቢገጥመው፡ደህንነቱ፡እንዲጠበቅለት፡መብት፡አለው። 107 108፪/፡ ወላድነትና፡ሕጻንነት፡ልዩ፡ጥንቃቄና፡እርዳታ፡የማግኘት፡መብት፡አላቸው፤፡በጋብቻ፡ወይም፡ያለጋብቻ፡የሚወለዱ፡ሕጻናትም፡የተመሳሳይ፡የደህንነታቸው፡መጠበቅ፡መብት፡አላቸው። 109አንቀጽ፡፳፮፤ 110 111፩/፡ እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡የመማር፡መብት፡አለው።፡ትምህርት፡ቢያንስ፡ቢያንስ፡በአንደኛ፡ደረጃና፡በመሰረታዊ፡ደረጃዎች፡በነጻ፡ሊሆን፡ይገባል።፡የአንደኛ፡ደረጃ፡ትምህርት፡መማር፡ግዴታ፡ነው።፡የቴክኒክና፡የልዩ፡ልዩ፡ሙያ፡ትምህርት፡በጠቅላላው፡የከፍተኛ፡ደረጃ፡ደግሞ፡በችሎታ፡መሠረት፡ለሁሉም፡እኩል፡መሰጠት፡አለበት። 112 113፪/፡ ትምህርት፡ለእያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡ሁኔታ፡ማሻሻያና፡ለሰብዓዊ፡መብቶችም፡መሠረታዊ፡ነጻነቶች፡ክብር፡ማዳበርያ፡የሚውል፡መሆን፡አለበት።፡እንዲሁም፡የተለያየ፡ዘር፡ወይም፡ሃይማኖት፡ባሏቸው፡ሕዝቦች፡መካከል፡ሁሉ፡መግባባትን፡ተቻችሎ፡የመኖርንና፡የመተባበርን፡መንፈስ፡የሚያጠነክርና፡የተባበሩት፡መንግሥታት፡ድርጅት፡ሰላምን፡ለመጠበቅ፡የሚፈጽማቸው፡ተግባሮች፡እንዲስፋፋ፡የሚያበረታቱ፡መሆን፡አለበት።፡ 114 115፫/፡ ወላጆች፡ለልጆቻቸው፡ለመስጠት፡የሚፈልጉትን፡ትምህርት፡ለመምረጥ፡የቅድሚያ፡መብት፡አላችው።፡ 116አንቀጽ፡፳፯፤ 117 118፩/፡ እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡በኀብረ፡ሰቡ፡የባህል፡ኑሮ፡በነጻ፡መካፈልና፡በኪነ፡ጥበብ፡ለመጠቀም፡በሳይንስ፡እርምጃና፡በጥቅሞቹም፡ለመሳተፍ፡መብት፡አለው።፡ 119 120፪/፡ እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡ከደረሰው፡ማንኛውም፡የሳይንስ፡የድርሰትና፡የኪነ፡ጥበብ፡ሥራ፡የሚያገኘው፡የሞራሉንና፡የሃብት፡ጥቅሞች፡እንዲከበሩለት፡መብት፡አለው። 121አንቀጽ፡፳፰፤ 122 123እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡በዚህ፡ውሳን፡ውስጥ፡የተዘረዘሩት፡መብቶችና፡ነጻነቶች፡በሙሉ፡በተግባር፡እንዲውሉ፡ለሚደረግባቸው፡የኀብረሰብና፡የኢንተርናሽናል፡ሥርዓት፡የመጠቀም፡መብት፡አለው። 124አንቀጽ፡፳፱፤ 125 126፩/፡ እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡የራሱ፡ነጻነትና፡ሙሉ፡መሻሻል፡በሚያገኝበት፡ኀብረሰብ፡ውስጥ፡የሚፈጽማቸው፡ግዴታዎች፡ይኖሩበታል። 127 128፪/፡ እያንዳንዱ፡ሰው፡በመብቶቹ፡በነጻነቶቹ፡በሚጠቀምበት፡ጊዜ፡የሚታገደው፡የሌሎችን፡መብቶችና፡ነጻነቶች፡በሚገባ፡ለማሰከበር፡ብቻ፡በተደነገጉ፡ሕጎችና፡የግብረ፡ገብነትን፡የጠቅላላውን፡ሕዝብ፡ፀጥታና፡ደህንነት፡በዴሞክራቲክ፡ማኀበራዊ፡ኑሮ፡ትክክለኛ፡የሆነው፡ተፈላጊ፡ጉዳይ፡ለማርካት፡በተወሰነው፡ብቻ፡ነው። 129 130፫/፡ እነዚህ፡መብቶችና፡ነፃነቶች፡በማንኛውም፡ሁኔታ፡የተባበሩት፡መንግሥታት፡ድርጅት፡መሰረት፡ዓላማዎች፡ተቃራኒ፡በሆነ፡መንገድ፡ሊፈጸሙ፡አይገባቸውም። 131አንቀጽ፡፴፤ 132 133በዚህ፡ውሳኔ፡ከላይ፡የተዘረዘረው፡ሁሉ፡በዚሁ፡ውስጥ፡የተጠቀሱትን፡ማናቸውም፡መብቶች፡ወይም፡ነጻነቶች፡ለማበላሸት፡በታሰበ፡ማንኛውም፡ዓይነት፡ተግባር፡ለማዋል፡ወይም፡ድርጊትን፡ለመፈጸም፡ለማንኛውም፡መንግሥት፡ወይም፡ድርጅት፡ወይም፡ሰው፡የተባሉ፡አይተረጎሙም።