xref: /dokuwiki/vendor/phpseclib/phpseclib/phpseclib/Net/SFTP.php

<?php

/**
 * Pure-PHP implementation of SFTP.
 *
 * PHP version 5
 *
 * Supports SFTPv2/3/4/5/6. Defaults to v3.
 *
 * The API for this library is modeled after the API from PHP's {@link http://php.net/book.ftp FTP extension}.
 *
 * Here's a short example of how to use this library:
 * <code>
 * <?php
 *    include 'vendor/autoload.php';
 *
 *    $sftp = new \phpseclib3\Net\SFTP('www.domain.tld');
 *    if (!$sftp->login('username', 'password')) {
 *        exit('Login Failed');
 *    }
 *
 *    echo $sftp->pwd() . "\r\n";
 *    $sftp->put('filename.ext', 'hello, world!');
 *    print_r($sftp->nlist());
 * ?>
 * </code>
 *
 * @author    Jim Wigginton <terrafrost@php.net>
 * @copyright 2009 Jim Wigginton
 * @license   http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.html  MIT License
 * @link      http://phpseclib.sourceforge.net
 */

namespace phpseclib3\Net;

use phpseclib3\Common\Functions\Strings;
use phpseclib3\Exception\FileNotFoundException;

/**
 * Pure-PHP implementations of SFTP.
 *
 * @author  Jim Wigginton <terrafrost@php.net>
 */
class SFTP extends SSH2
{
    /**
     * SFTP channel constant
     *
     * \phpseclib3\Net\SSH2::exec() uses 0 and \phpseclib3\Net\SSH2::read() / \phpseclib3\Net\SSH2::write() use 1.
     *
     * @see \phpseclib3\Net\SSH2::send_channel_packet()
     * @see \phpseclib3\Net\SSH2::get_channel_packet()
     */
    const CHANNEL = 0x100;

    /**
     * Reads data from a local file.
     *
     * @see \phpseclib3\Net\SFTP::put()
     */
    const SOURCE_LOCAL_FILE = 1;
    /**
     * Reads data from a string.
     *
     * @see \phpseclib3\Net\SFTP::put()
     */
    // this value isn't really used anymore but i'm keeping it reserved for historical reasons
    const SOURCE_STRING = 2;
    /**
     * Reads data from callback:
     * function callback($length) returns string to proceed, null for EOF
     *
     * @see \phpseclib3\Net\SFTP::put()
     */
    const SOURCE_CALLBACK = 16;
    /**
     * Resumes an upload
     *
     * @see \phpseclib3\Net\SFTP::put()
     */
    const RESUME = 4;
    /**
     * Append a local file to an already existing remote file
     *
     * @see \phpseclib3\Net\SFTP::put()
     */
    const RESUME_START = 8;

    /**
     * Packet Types
     *
     * @see self::__construct()
     * @var array
     * @access private
     */
    private static $packet_types = [];

    /**
     * Status Codes
     *
     * @see self::__construct()
     * @var array
     * @access private
     */
    private static $status_codes = [];

    /** @var array<int, string> */
    private static $attributes;

    /** @var array<int, string> */
    private static $open_flags;

    /** @var array<int, string> */
    private static $open_flags5;

    /** @var array<int, string> */
    private static $file_types;

    /**
     * The Request ID
     *
     * The request ID exists in the off chance that a packet is sent out-of-order.  Of course, this library doesn't support
     * concurrent actions, so it's somewhat academic, here.
     *
     * @var boolean
     * @see self::_send_sftp_packet()
     */
    private $use_request_id = false;

    /**
     * The Packet Type
     *
     * The request ID exists in the off chance that a packet is sent out-of-order.  Of course, this library doesn't support
     * concurrent actions, so it's somewhat academic, here.
     *
     * @var int
     * @see self::_get_sftp_packet()
     */
    private $packet_type = -1;

    /**
     * Packet Buffer
     *
     * @var string
     * @see self::_get_sftp_packet()
     */
    private $packet_buffer = '';

    /**
     * Extensions supported by the server
     *
     * @var array
     * @see self::_initChannel()
     */
    private $extensions = [];

    /**
     * Server SFTP version
     *
     * @var int
     * @see self::_initChannel()
     */
    private $version;

    /**
     * Default Server SFTP version
     *
     * @var int
     * @see self::_initChannel()
     */
    private $defaultVersion;

    /**
     * Preferred SFTP version
     *
     * @var int
     * @see self::_initChannel()
     */
    private $preferredVersion = 3;

    /**
     * Current working directory
     *
     * @var string|bool
     * @see self::realpath()
     * @see self::chdir()
     */
    private $pwd = false;

    /**
     * Packet Type Log
     *
     * @see self::getLog()
     * @var array
     */
    private $packet_type_log = [];

    /**
     * Packet Log
     *
     * @see self::getLog()
     * @var array
     */
    private $packet_log = [];

    /**
     * Real-time log file pointer
     *
     * @see self::_append_log()
     * @var resource|closed-resource
     */
    private $realtime_log_file;

    /**
     * Real-time log file size
     *
     * @see self::_append_log()
     * @var int
     */
    private $realtime_log_size;

    /**
     * Real-time log file wrap boolean
     *
     * @see self::_append_log()
     * @var bool
     */
    private $realtime_log_wrap;

    /**
     * Current log size
     *
     * Should never exceed self::LOG_MAX_SIZE
     *
     * @var int
     */
    private $log_size;

    /**
     * Error information
     *
     * @see self::getSFTPErrors()
     * @see self::getLastSFTPError()
     * @var array
     */
    private $sftp_errors = [];

    /**
     * Stat Cache
     *
     * Rather than always having to open a directory and close it immediately there after to see if a file is a directory
     * we'll cache the results.
     *
     * @see self::_update_stat_cache()
     * @see self::_remove_from_stat_cache()
     * @see self::_query_stat_cache()
     * @var array
     */
    private $stat_cache = [];

    /**
     * Max SFTP Packet Size
     *
     * @see self::__construct()
     * @see self::get()
     * @var int
     */
    private $max_sftp_packet;

    /**
     * Stat Cache Flag
     *
     * @see self::disableStatCache()
     * @see self::enableStatCache()
     * @var bool
     */
    private $use_stat_cache = true;

    /**
     * Sort Options
     *
     * @see self::_comparator()
     * @see self::setListOrder()
     * @var array
     */
    protected $sortOptions = [];

    /**
     * Canonicalization Flag
     *
     * Determines whether or not paths should be canonicalized before being
     * passed on to the remote server.
     *
     * @see self::enablePathCanonicalization()
     * @see self::disablePathCanonicalization()
     * @see self::realpath()
     * @var bool
     */
    private $canonicalize_paths = true;

    /**
     * Request Buffers
     *
     * @see self::_get_sftp_packet()
     * @var array
     */
    private $requestBuffer = [];

    /**
     * Preserve timestamps on file downloads / uploads
     *
     * @see self::get()
     * @see self::put()
     * @var bool
     */
    private $preserveTime = false;

    /**
     * Arbitrary Length Packets Flag
     *
     * Determines whether or not packets of any length should be allowed,
     * in cases where the server chooses the packet length (such as
     * directory listings). By default, packets are only allowed to be
     * 256 * 1024 bytes (SFTP_MAX_MSG_LENGTH from OpenSSH's sftp-common.h)
     *
     * @see self::enableArbitraryLengthPackets()
     * @see self::_get_sftp_packet()
     * @var bool
     */
    private $allow_arbitrary_length_packets = false;

    /**
     * Was the last packet due to the channels being closed or not?
     *
     * @see self::get()
     * @see self::get_sftp_packet()
     * @var bool
     */
    private $channel_close = false;

    /**
     * Has the SFTP channel been partially negotiated?
     *
     * @var bool
     */
    private $partial_init = false;

    /**
     * Default Constructor.
     *
     * Connects to an SFTP server
     *
     * $host can either be a string, representing the host, or a stream resource.
     *
     * @param mixed $host
     * @param int $port
     * @param int $timeout
     */
    public function __construct($host, $port = 22, $timeout = 10)
    {
        parent::__construct($host, $port, $timeout);

        $this->max_sftp_packet = 1 << 15;

        if (empty(self::$packet_types)) {
            self::$packet_types = [
                1  => 'NET_SFTP_INIT',
                2  => 'NET_SFTP_VERSION',
                3  => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN',
                4  => 'NET_SFTP_CLOSE',
                5  => 'NET_SFTP_READ',
                6  => 'NET_SFTP_WRITE',
                7  => 'NET_SFTP_LSTAT',
                9  => 'NET_SFTP_SETSTAT',
                10 => 'NET_SFTP_FSETSTAT',
                11 => 'NET_SFTP_OPENDIR',
                12 => 'NET_SFTP_READDIR',
                13 => 'NET_SFTP_REMOVE',
                14 => 'NET_SFTP_MKDIR',
                15 => 'NET_SFTP_RMDIR',
                16 => 'NET_SFTP_REALPATH',
                17 => 'NET_SFTP_STAT',
                18 => 'NET_SFTP_RENAME',
                19 => 'NET_SFTP_READLINK',
                20 => 'NET_SFTP_SYMLINK',
                21 => 'NET_SFTP_LINK',

                101 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS',
                102 => 'NET_SFTP_HANDLE',
                103 => 'NET_SFTP_DATA',
                104 => 'NET_SFTP_NAME',
                105 => 'NET_SFTP_ATTRS',

                200 => 'NET_SFTP_EXTENDED',
                201 => 'NET_SFTP_EXTENDED_REPLY'
            ];
            self::$status_codes = [
                0 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_OK',
                1 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_EOF',
                2 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_NO_SUCH_FILE',
                3 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_PERMISSION_DENIED',
                4 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_FAILURE',
                5 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_BAD_MESSAGE',
                6 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_NO_CONNECTION',
                7 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_CONNECTION_LOST',
                8 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_OP_UNSUPPORTED',
                9 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_INVALID_HANDLE',
                10 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_NO_SUCH_PATH',
                11 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_FILE_ALREADY_EXISTS',
                12 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_WRITE_PROTECT',
                13 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_NO_MEDIA',
                14 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_NO_SPACE_ON_FILESYSTEM',
                15 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_QUOTA_EXCEEDED',
                16 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_UNKNOWN_PRINCIPAL',
                17 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_LOCK_CONFLICT',
                18 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_DIR_NOT_EMPTY',
                19 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_NOT_A_DIRECTORY',
                20 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_INVALID_FILENAME',
                21 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_LINK_LOOP',
                22 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_CANNOT_DELETE',
                23 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER',
                24 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_FILE_IS_A_DIRECTORY',
                25 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_BYTE_RANGE_LOCK_CONFLICT',
                26 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_BYTE_RANGE_LOCK_REFUSED',
                27 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_DELETE_PENDING',
                28 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_FILE_CORRUPT',
                29 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_OWNER_INVALID',
                30 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_GROUP_INVALID',
                31 => 'NET_SFTP_STATUS_NO_MATCHING_BYTE_RANGE_LOCK'
            ];
            // http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13#section-7.1
            // the order, in this case, matters quite a lot - see \phpseclib3\Net\SFTP::_parseAttributes() to understand why
            self::$attributes = [
                0x00000001 => 'NET_SFTP_ATTR_SIZE',
                0x00000002 => 'NET_SFTP_ATTR_UIDGID',          // defined in SFTPv3, removed in SFTPv4+
                0x00000080 => 'NET_SFTP_ATTR_OWNERGROUP',      // defined in SFTPv4+
                0x00000004 => 'NET_SFTP_ATTR_PERMISSIONS',
                0x00000008 => 'NET_SFTP_ATTR_ACCESSTIME',
                0x00000010 => 'NET_SFTP_ATTR_CREATETIME',      // SFTPv4+
                0x00000020 => 'NET_SFTP_ATTR_MODIFYTIME',
                0x00000040 => 'NET_SFTP_ATTR_ACL',
                0x00000100 => 'NET_SFTP_ATTR_SUBSECOND_TIMES',
                0x00000200 => 'NET_SFTP_ATTR_BITS',            // SFTPv5+
                0x00000400 => 'NET_SFTP_ATTR_ALLOCATION_SIZE', // SFTPv6+
                0x00000800 => 'NET_SFTP_ATTR_TEXT_HINT',
                0x00001000 => 'NET_SFTP_ATTR_MIME_TYPE',
                0x00002000 => 'NET_SFTP_ATTR_LINK_COUNT',
                0x00004000 => 'NET_SFTP_ATTR_UNTRANSLATED_NAME',
                0x00008000 => 'NET_SFTP_ATTR_CTIME',
                // 0x80000000 will yield a floating point on 32-bit systems and converting floating points to integers
                // yields inconsistent behavior depending on how php is compiled.  so we left shift -1 (which, in
                // two's compliment, consists of all 1 bits) by 31.  on 64-bit systems this'll yield 0xFFFFFFFF80000000.
                // that's not a problem, however, and 'anded' and a 32-bit number, as all the leading 1 bits are ignored.
                (PHP_INT_SIZE == 4 ? (-1 << 31) : 0x80000000) => 'NET_SFTP_ATTR_EXTENDED'
            ];
            // http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-04#section-6.3
            // the flag definitions change somewhat in SFTPv5+.  if SFTPv5+ support is added to this library, maybe name
            // the array for that $this->open5_flags and similarly alter the constant names.
            self::$open_flags = [
                0x00000001 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_READ',
                0x00000002 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_WRITE',
                0x00000004 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_APPEND',
                0x00000008 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_CREATE',
                0x00000010 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_TRUNCATE',
                0x00000020 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_EXCL',
                0x00000040 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_TEXT' // defined in SFTPv4
            ];
            // SFTPv5+ changed the flags up:
            // https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13#section-8.1.1.3
            self::$open_flags5 = [
                // when SSH_FXF_ACCESS_DISPOSITION is a 3 bit field that controls how the file is opened
                0x00000000 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_CREATE_NEW',
                0x00000001 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_CREATE_TRUNCATE',
                0x00000002 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_OPEN_EXISTING',
                0x00000003 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_OPEN_OR_CREATE',
                0x00000004 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_TRUNCATE_EXISTING',
                // the rest of the flags are not supported
                0x00000008 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_APPEND_DATA', // "the offset field of SS_FXP_WRITE requests is ignored"
                0x00000010 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_APPEND_DATA_ATOMIC',
                0x00000020 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_TEXT_MODE',
                0x00000040 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_BLOCK_READ',
                0x00000080 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_BLOCK_WRITE',
                0x00000100 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_BLOCK_DELETE',
                0x00000200 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_BLOCK_ADVISORY',
                0x00000400 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_NOFOLLOW',
                0x00000800 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_DELETE_ON_CLOSE',
                0x00001000 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_ACCESS_AUDIT_ALARM_INFO',
                0x00002000 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_ACCESS_BACKUP',
                0x00004000 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_BACKUP_STREAM',
                0x00008000 => 'NET_SFTP_OPEN_OVERRIDE_OWNER',
            ];
            // http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-04#section-5.2
            // see \phpseclib3\Net\SFTP::_parseLongname() for an explanation
            self::$file_types = [
                1 => 'NET_SFTP_TYPE_REGULAR',
                2 => 'NET_SFTP_TYPE_DIRECTORY',
                3 => 'NET_SFTP_TYPE_SYMLINK',
                4 => 'NET_SFTP_TYPE_SPECIAL',
                5 => 'NET_SFTP_TYPE_UNKNOWN',
                // the following types were first defined for use in SFTPv5+
                // http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-05#section-5.2
                6 => 'NET_SFTP_TYPE_SOCKET',
                7 => 'NET_SFTP_TYPE_CHAR_DEVICE',
                8 => 'NET_SFTP_TYPE_BLOCK_DEVICE',
                9 => 'NET_SFTP_TYPE_FIFO'
            ];
            self::define_array(
                self::$packet_types,
                self::$status_codes,
                self::$attributes,
                self::$open_flags,
                self::$open_flags5,
                self::$file_types
            );
        }

        if (!defined('NET_SFTP_QUEUE_SIZE')) {
            define('NET_SFTP_QUEUE_SIZE', 32);
        }
        if (!defined('NET_SFTP_UPLOAD_QUEUE_SIZE')) {
            define('NET_SFTP_UPLOAD_QUEUE_SIZE', 1024);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Check a few things before SFTP functions are called
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    private function precheck()
    {
        if (!($this->bitmap & SSH2::MASK_LOGIN)) {
            return false;
        }

        if ($this->pwd === false) {
            return $this->init_sftp_connection();
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Partially initialize an SFTP connection
     *
     * @throws \UnexpectedValueException on receipt of unexpected packets
     * @return bool
     */
    private function partial_init_sftp_connection()
    {
        $response = $this->open_channel(self::CHANNEL, true);
        if ($response === true && $this->isTimeout()) {
            return false;
        }

        $packet = Strings::packSSH2(
            'CNsbs',
            NET_SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST,
            $this->server_channels[self::CHANNEL],
            'subsystem',
            true,
            'sftp'
        );
        $this->send_binary_packet($packet);

        $this->channel_status[self::CHANNEL] = NET_SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST;

        $response = $this->get_channel_packet(self::CHANNEL, true);
        if ($response === false) {
            // from PuTTY's psftp.exe
            $command = "test -x /usr/lib/sftp-server && exec /usr/lib/sftp-server\n" .
                       "test -x /usr/local/lib/sftp-server && exec /usr/local/lib/sftp-server\n" .
                       "exec sftp-server";
            // we don't do $this->exec($command, false) because exec() operates on a different channel and plus the SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN that exec() does
            // is redundant
            $packet = Strings::packSSH2(
                'CNsCs',
                NET_SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST,
                $this->server_channels[self::CHANNEL],
                'exec',
                1,
                $command
            );
            $this->send_binary_packet($packet);

            $this->channel_status[self::CHANNEL] = NET_SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_REQUEST;

            $response = $this->get_channel_packet(self::CHANNEL, true);
            if ($response === false) {
                return false;
            }
        } elseif ($response === true && $this->isTimeout()) {
            return false;
        }

        $this->channel_status[self::CHANNEL] = NET_SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_DATA;
        $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_INIT, "\0\0\0\3");

        $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
        if ($this->packet_type != NET_SFTP_VERSION) {
            throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_VERSION. '
                                              . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
        }

        $this->use_request_id = true;

        list($this->defaultVersion) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N', $response);
        while (!empty($response)) {
            list($key, $value) = Strings::unpackSSH2('ss', $response);
            $this->extensions[$key] = $value;
        }

        $this->partial_init = true;

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * (Re)initializes the SFTP channel
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    private function init_sftp_connection()
    {
        if (!$this->partial_init && !$this->partial_init_sftp_connection()) {
            return false;
        }

        /*
         A Note on SFTPv4/5/6 support:
         <http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13#section-5.1> states the following:

         "If the client wishes to interoperate with servers that support noncontiguous version
          numbers it SHOULD send '3'"

         Given that the server only sends its version number after the client has already done so, the above
         seems to be suggesting that v3 should be the default version.  This makes sense given that v3 is the
         most popular.

         <http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13#section-5.5> states the following;

         "If the server did not send the "versions" extension, or the version-from-list was not included, the
          server MAY send a status response describing the failure, but MUST then close the channel without
          processing any further requests."

         So what do you do if you have a client whose initial SSH_FXP_INIT packet says it implements v3 and
         a server whose initial SSH_FXP_VERSION reply says it implements v4 and only v4?  If it only implements
         v4, the "versions" extension is likely not going to have been sent so version re-negotiation as discussed
         in draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13 would be quite impossible.  As such, what \phpseclib3\Net\SFTP would do is close the
         channel and reopen it with a new and updated SSH_FXP_INIT packet.
        */
        $this->version = $this->defaultVersion;
        if (isset($this->extensions['versions']) && (!$this->preferredVersion || $this->preferredVersion != $this->version)) {
            $versions = explode(',', $this->extensions['versions']);
            $supported = [6, 5, 4];
            if ($this->preferredVersion) {
                $supported = array_diff($supported, [$this->preferredVersion]);
                array_unshift($supported, $this->preferredVersion);
            }
            foreach ($supported as $ver) {
                if (in_array($ver, $versions)) {
                    if ($ver === $this->version) {
                        break;
                    }
                    $this->version = (int) $ver;
                    $packet = Strings::packSSH2('ss', 'version-select', "$ver");
                    $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_EXTENDED, $packet);
                    $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
                    if ($this->packet_type != NET_SFTP_STATUS) {
                        throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_STATUS. '
                            . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
                    }
                    list($status) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N', $response);
                    if ($status != NET_SFTP_STATUS_OK) {
                        $this->logError($response, $status);
                        throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_STATUS_OK. '
                            . ' Got ' . $status);
                    }
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        /*
         SFTPv4+ defines a 'newline' extension.  SFTPv3 seems to have unofficial support for it via 'newline@vandyke.com',
         however, I'm not sure what 'newline@vandyke.com' is supposed to do (the fact that it's unofficial means that it's
         not in the official SFTPv3 specs) and 'newline@vandyke.com' / 'newline' are likely not drop-in substitutes for
         one another due to the fact that 'newline' comes with a SSH_FXF_TEXT bitmask whereas it seems unlikely that
         'newline@vandyke.com' would.
        */
        /*
        if (isset($this->extensions['newline@vandyke.com'])) {
            $this->extensions['newline'] = $this->extensions['newline@vandyke.com'];
            unset($this->extensions['newline@vandyke.com']);
        }
        */
        if ($this->version < 2 || $this->version > 6) {
            return false;
        }

        $this->pwd = true;
        try {
            $this->pwd = $this->realpath('.');
        } catch (\UnexpectedValueException $e) {
            if (!$this->canonicalize_paths) {
                throw $e;
            }
            $this->canonicalize_paths = false;
            $this->reset_sftp();
            return $this->init_sftp_connection();
        }

        $this->update_stat_cache($this->pwd, []);

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Disable the stat cache
     *
     */
    public function disableStatCache()
    {
        $this->use_stat_cache = false;
    }

    /**
     * Enable the stat cache
     *
     */
    public function enableStatCache()
    {
        $this->use_stat_cache = true;
    }

    /**
     * Clear the stat cache
     *
     */
    public function clearStatCache()
    {
        $this->stat_cache = [];
    }

    /**
     * Enable path canonicalization
     *
     */
    public function enablePathCanonicalization()
    {
        $this->canonicalize_paths = true;
    }

    /**
     * Disable path canonicalization
     *
     * If this is enabled then $sftp->pwd() will not return the canonicalized absolute path
     *
     */
    public function disablePathCanonicalization()
    {
        $this->canonicalize_paths = false;
    }

    /**
     * Enable arbitrary length packets
     *
     */
    public function enableArbitraryLengthPackets()
    {
        $this->allow_arbitrary_length_packets = true;
    }

    /**
     * Disable arbitrary length packets
     *
     */
    public function disableArbitraryLengthPackets()
    {
        $this->allow_arbitrary_length_packets = false;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the current directory name
     *
     * @return string|bool
     */
    public function pwd()
    {
        if (!$this->precheck()) {
            return false;
        }

        return $this->pwd;
    }

    /**
     * Logs errors
     *
     * @param string $response
     * @param int $status
     */
    private function logError($response, $status = -1)
    {
        if ($status == -1) {
            list($status) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N', $response);
        }

        $error = self::$status_codes[$status];

        if ($this->version > 2) {
            list($message) = Strings::unpackSSH2('s', $response);
            $this->sftp_errors[] = "$error: $message";
        } else {
            $this->sftp_errors[] = $error;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Canonicalize the Server-Side Path Name
     *
     * SFTP doesn't provide a mechanism by which the current working directory can be changed, so we'll emulate it.  Returns
     * the absolute (canonicalized) path.
     *
     * If canonicalize_paths has been disabled using disablePathCanonicalization(), $path is returned as-is.
     *
     * @see self::chdir()
     * @see self::disablePathCanonicalization()
     * @param string $path
     * @throws \UnexpectedValueException on receipt of unexpected packets
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function realpath($path)
    {
        if ($this->precheck() === false) {
            return false;
        }

        if (!$this->canonicalize_paths) {
            if ($this->pwd === true) {
                return '.';
            }
            if (!strlen($path) || $path[0] != '/') {
                $path = $this->pwd . '/' . $path;
            }
            $parts = explode('/', $path);
            $afterPWD = $beforePWD = [];
            foreach ($parts as $part) {
                switch ($part) {
                    //case '': // some SFTP servers /require/ double /'s. see https://github.com/phpseclib/phpseclib/pull/1137
                    case '.':
                        break;
                    case '..':
                        if (!empty($afterPWD)) {
                            array_pop($afterPWD);
                        } else {
                            $beforePWD[] = '..';
                        }
                        break;
                    default:
                        $afterPWD[] = $part;
                }
            }
            $beforePWD = count($beforePWD) ? implode('/', $beforePWD) : '.';
            return $beforePWD . '/' . implode('/', $afterPWD);
        }

        if ($this->pwd === true) {
            // http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13#section-8.9
            $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_REALPATH, Strings::packSSH2('s', $path));

            $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
            switch ($this->packet_type) {
                case NET_SFTP_NAME:
                    // although SSH_FXP_NAME is implemented differently in SFTPv3 than it is in SFTPv4+, the following
                    // should work on all SFTP versions since the only part of the SSH_FXP_NAME packet the following looks
                    // at is the first part and that part is defined the same in SFTP versions 3 through 6.
                    list(, $filename) = Strings::unpackSSH2('Ns', $response);
                    return $filename;
                case NET_SFTP_STATUS:
                    $this->logError($response);
                    return false;
                default:
                    throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_NAME or NET_SFTP_STATUS. '
                                                      . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
            }
        }

        if (!strlen($path) || $path[0] != '/') {
            $path = $this->pwd . '/' . $path;
        }

        $path = explode('/', $path);
        $new = [];
        foreach ($path as $dir) {
            if (!strlen($dir)) {
                continue;
            }
            switch ($dir) {
                case '..':
                    array_pop($new);
                    // fall-through
                case '.':
                    break;
                default:
                    $new[] = $dir;
            }
        }

        return '/' . implode('/', $new);
    }

    /**
     * Changes the current directory
     *
     * @param string $dir
     * @throws \UnexpectedValueException on receipt of unexpected packets
     * @return bool
     */
    public function chdir($dir)
    {
        if (!$this->precheck()) {
            return false;
        }

        // assume current dir if $dir is empty
        if ($dir === '') {
            $dir = './';
        // suffix a slash if needed
        } elseif ($dir[strlen($dir) - 1] != '/') {
            $dir .= '/';
        }

        $dir = $this->realpath($dir);

        // confirm that $dir is, in fact, a valid directory
        if ($this->use_stat_cache && is_array($this->query_stat_cache($dir))) {
            $this->pwd = $dir;
            return true;
        }

        // we could do a stat on the alleged $dir to see if it's a directory but that doesn't tell us
        // the currently logged in user has the appropriate permissions or not. maybe you could see if
        // the file's uid / gid match the currently logged in user's uid / gid but how there's no easy
        // way to get those with SFTP

        $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_OPENDIR, Strings::packSSH2('s', $dir));

        // see \phpseclib3\Net\SFTP::nlist() for a more thorough explanation of the following
        $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
        switch ($this->packet_type) {
            case NET_SFTP_HANDLE:
                $handle = substr($response, 4);
                break;
            case NET_SFTP_STATUS:
                $this->logError($response);
                return false;
            default:
                throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_HANDLE or NET_SFTP_STATUS' .
                                                    'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
        }

        if (!$this->close_handle($handle)) {
            return false;
        }

        $this->update_stat_cache($dir, []);

        $this->pwd = $dir;
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a list of files in the given directory
     *
     * @param string $dir
     * @param bool $recursive
     * @return array|false
     */
    public function nlist($dir = '.', $recursive = false)
    {
        return $this->nlist_helper($dir, $recursive, '');
    }

    /**
     * Helper method for nlist
     *
     * @param string $dir
     * @param bool $recursive
     * @param string $relativeDir
     * @return array|false
     */
    private function nlist_helper($dir, $recursive, $relativeDir)
    {
        $files = $this->readlist($dir, false);

        // If we get an int back, then that is an "unexpected" status.
        // We do not have a file list, so return false.
        if (is_int($files)) {
            return false;
        }

        if (!$recursive || $files === false) {
            return $files;
        }

        $result = [];
        foreach ($files as $value) {
            if ($value == '.' || $value == '..') {
                $result[] = $relativeDir . $value;
                continue;
            }
            if (is_array($this->query_stat_cache($this->realpath($dir . '/' . $value)))) {
                $temp = $this->nlist_helper($dir . '/' . $value, true, $relativeDir . $value . '/');
                $temp = is_array($temp) ? $temp : [];
                $result = array_merge($result, $temp);
            } else {
                $result[] = $relativeDir . $value;
            }
        }

        return $result;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a detailed list of files in the given directory
     *
     * @param string $dir
     * @param bool $recursive
     * @return array|false
     */
    public function rawlist($dir = '.', $recursive = false)
    {
        $files = $this->readlist($dir, true);

        // If we get an int back, then that is an "unexpected" status.
        // We do not have a file list, so return false.
        if (is_int($files)) {
            return false;
        }

        if (!$recursive || $files === false) {
            return $files;
        }

        static $depth = 0;

        foreach ($files as $key => $value) {
            if ($depth != 0 && $key == '..') {
                unset($files[$key]);
                continue;
            }
            $is_directory = false;
            if ($key != '.' && $key != '..') {
                if ($this->use_stat_cache) {
                    $is_directory = is_array($this->query_stat_cache($this->realpath($dir . '/' . $key)));
                } else {
                    $stat = $this->lstat($dir . '/' . $key);
                    $is_directory = $stat && $stat['type'] === NET_SFTP_TYPE_DIRECTORY;
                }
            }

            if ($is_directory) {
                $depth++;
                $files[$key] = $this->rawlist($dir . '/' . $key, true);
                $depth--;
            } else {
                $files[$key] = (object) $value;
            }
        }

        return $files;
    }

    /**
     * Reads a list, be it detailed or not, of files in the given directory
     *
     * @param string $dir
     * @param bool $raw
     * @return array|false
     * @throws \UnexpectedValueException on receipt of unexpected packets
     */
    private function readlist($dir, $raw = true)
    {
        if (!$this->precheck()) {
            return false;
        }

        $dir = $this->realpath($dir . '/');
        if ($dir === false) {
            return false;
        }

        // http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13#section-8.1.2
        $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_OPENDIR, Strings::packSSH2('s', $dir));

        $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
        switch ($this->packet_type) {
            case NET_SFTP_HANDLE:
                // http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13#section-9.2
                // since 'handle' is the last field in the SSH_FXP_HANDLE packet, we'll just remove the first four bytes that
                // represent the length of the string and leave it at that
                $handle = substr($response, 4);
                break;
            case NET_SFTP_STATUS:
                // presumably SSH_FX_NO_SUCH_FILE or SSH_FX_PERMISSION_DENIED
                list($status) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N', $response);
                $this->logError($response, $status);
                return $status;
            default:
                throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_HANDLE or NET_SFTP_STATUS. '
                                                  . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
        }

        $this->update_stat_cache($dir, []);

        $contents = [];
        while (true) {
            // http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13#section-8.2.2
            // why multiple SSH_FXP_READDIR packets would be sent when the response to a single one can span arbitrarily many
            // SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_DATA messages is not known to me.
            $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_READDIR, Strings::packSSH2('s', $handle));

            $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
            switch ($this->packet_type) {
                case NET_SFTP_NAME:
                    list($count) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N', $response);
                    for ($i = 0; $i < $count; $i++) {
                        list($shortname) = Strings::unpackSSH2('s', $response);
                        // SFTPv4 "removed the long filename from the names structure-- it can now be
                        //         built from information available in the attrs structure."
                        if ($this->version < 4) {
                            list($longname) = Strings::unpackSSH2('s', $response);
                        }
                        $attributes = $this->parseAttributes($response);
                        if (!isset($attributes['type']) && $this->version < 4) {
                            $fileType = $this->parseLongname($longname);
                            if ($fileType) {
                                $attributes['type'] = $fileType;
                            }
                        }
                        $contents[$shortname] = $attributes + ['filename' => $shortname];

                        if (isset($attributes['type']) && $attributes['type'] == NET_SFTP_TYPE_DIRECTORY && ($shortname != '.' && $shortname != '..')) {
                            $this->update_stat_cache($dir . '/' . $shortname, []);
                        } else {
                            if ($shortname == '..') {
                                $temp = $this->realpath($dir . '/..') . '/.';
                            } else {
                                $temp = $dir . '/' . $shortname;
                            }
                            $this->update_stat_cache($temp, (object) ['lstat' => $attributes]);
                        }
                        // SFTPv6 has an optional boolean end-of-list field, but we'll ignore that, since the
                        // final SSH_FXP_STATUS packet should tell us that, already.
                    }
                    break;
                case NET_SFTP_STATUS:
                    list($status) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N', $response);
                    if ($status != NET_SFTP_STATUS_EOF) {
                        $this->logError($response, $status);
                        return $status;
                    }
                    break 2;
                default:
                    throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_NAME or NET_SFTP_STATUS. '
                                                      . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
            }
        }

        if (!$this->close_handle($handle)) {
            return false;
        }

        if (count($this->sortOptions)) {
            uasort($contents, [&$this, 'comparator']);
        }

        return $raw ? $contents : array_map('strval', array_keys($contents));
    }

    /**
     * Compares two rawlist entries using parameters set by setListOrder()
     *
     * Intended for use with uasort()
     *
     * @param array $a
     * @param array $b
     * @return int
     */
    private function comparator(array $a, array $b)
    {
        switch (true) {
            case $a['filename'] === '.' || $b['filename'] === '.':
                if ($a['filename'] === $b['filename']) {
                    return 0;
                }
                return $a['filename'] === '.' ? -1 : 1;
            case $a['filename'] === '..' || $b['filename'] === '..':
                if ($a['filename'] === $b['filename']) {
                    return 0;
                }
                return $a['filename'] === '..' ? -1 : 1;
            case isset($a['type']) && $a['type'] === NET_SFTP_TYPE_DIRECTORY:
                if (!isset($b['type'])) {
                    return 1;
                }
                if ($b['type'] !== $a['type']) {
                    return -1;
                }
                break;
            case isset($b['type']) && $b['type'] === NET_SFTP_TYPE_DIRECTORY:
                return 1;
        }
        foreach ($this->sortOptions as $sort => $order) {
            if (!isset($a[$sort]) || !isset($b[$sort])) {
                if (isset($a[$sort])) {
                    return -1;
                }
                if (isset($b[$sort])) {
                    return 1;
                }
                return 0;
            }
            switch ($sort) {
                case 'filename':
                    $result = strcasecmp($a['filename'], $b['filename']);
                    if ($result) {
                        return $order === SORT_DESC ? -$result : $result;
                    }
                    break;
                case 'mode':
                    $a[$sort] &= 07777;
                    $b[$sort] &= 07777;
                    // fall-through
                default:
                    if ($a[$sort] === $b[$sort]) {
                        break;
                    }
                    return $order === SORT_ASC ? $a[$sort] - $b[$sort] : $b[$sort] - $a[$sort];
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Defines how nlist() and rawlist() will be sorted - if at all.
     *
     * If sorting is enabled directories and files will be sorted independently with
     * directories appearing before files in the resultant array that is returned.
     *
     * Any parameter returned by stat is a valid sort parameter for this function.
     * Filename comparisons are case insensitive.
     *
     * Examples:
     *
     * $sftp->setListOrder('filename', SORT_ASC);
     * $sftp->setListOrder('size', SORT_DESC, 'filename', SORT_ASC);
     * $sftp->setListOrder(true);
     *    Separates directories from files but doesn't do any sorting beyond that
     * $sftp->setListOrder();
     *    Don't do any sort of sorting
     *
     * @param string ...$args
     */
    public function setListOrder(...$args)
    {
        $this->sortOptions = [];
        if (empty($args)) {
            return;
        }
        $len = count($args) & 0x7FFFFFFE;
        for ($i = 0; $i < $len; $i += 2) {
            $this->sortOptions[$args[$i]] = $args[$i + 1];
        }
        if (!count($this->sortOptions)) {
            $this->sortOptions = ['bogus' => true];
        }
    }

    /**
     * Save files / directories to cache
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @param mixed $value
     */
    private function update_stat_cache($path, $value)
    {
        if ($this->use_stat_cache === false) {
            return;
        }

        // preg_replace('#^/|/(?=/)|/$#', '', $dir) == str_replace('//', '/', trim($path, '/'))
        $dirs = explode('/', preg_replace('#^/|/(?=/)|/$#', '', $path));

        $temp = &$this->stat_cache;
        $max = count($dirs) - 1;
        foreach ($dirs as $i => $dir) {
            // if $temp is an object that means one of two things.
            //  1. a file was deleted and changed to a directory behind phpseclib's back
            //  2. it's a symlink. when lstat is done it's unclear what it's a symlink to
            if (is_object($temp)) {
                $temp = [];
            }
            if (!isset($temp[$dir])) {
                $temp[$dir] = [];
            }
            if ($i === $max) {
                if (is_object($temp[$dir]) && is_object($value)) {
                    if (!isset($value->stat) && isset($temp[$dir]->stat)) {
                        $value->stat = $temp[$dir]->stat;
                    }
                    if (!isset($value->lstat) && isset($temp[$dir]->lstat)) {
                        $value->lstat = $temp[$dir]->lstat;
                    }
                }
                $temp[$dir] = $value;
                break;
            }
            $temp = &$temp[$dir];
        }
    }

    /**
     * Remove files / directories from cache
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @return bool
     */
    private function remove_from_stat_cache($path)
    {
        $dirs = explode('/', preg_replace('#^/|/(?=/)|/$#', '', $path));

        $temp = &$this->stat_cache;
        $max = count($dirs) - 1;
        foreach ($dirs as $i => $dir) {
            if (!is_array($temp)) {
                return false;
            }
            if ($i === $max) {
                unset($temp[$dir]);
                return true;
            }
            if (!isset($temp[$dir])) {
                return false;
            }
            $temp = &$temp[$dir];
        }
    }

    /**
     * Checks cache for path
     *
     * Mainly used by file_exists
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @return mixed
     */
    private function query_stat_cache($path)
    {
        $dirs = explode('/', preg_replace('#^/|/(?=/)|/$#', '', $path));

        $temp = &$this->stat_cache;
        foreach ($dirs as $dir) {
            if (!is_array($temp)) {
                return null;
            }
            if (!isset($temp[$dir])) {
                return null;
            }
            $temp = &$temp[$dir];
        }
        return $temp;
    }

    /**
     * Returns general information about a file.
     *
     * Returns an array on success and false otherwise.
     *
     * @param string $filename
     * @return array|false
     */
    public function stat($filename)
    {
        if (!$this->precheck()) {
            return false;
        }

        $filename = $this->realpath($filename);
        if ($filename === false) {
            return false;
        }

        if ($this->use_stat_cache) {
            $result = $this->query_stat_cache($filename);
            if (is_array($result) && isset($result['.']) && isset($result['.']->stat)) {
                return $result['.']->stat;
            }
            if (is_object($result) && isset($result->stat)) {
                return $result->stat;
            }
        }

        $stat = $this->stat_helper($filename, NET_SFTP_STAT);
        if ($stat === false) {
            $this->remove_from_stat_cache($filename);
            return false;
        }
        if (isset($stat['type'])) {
            if ($stat['type'] == NET_SFTP_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
                $filename .= '/.';
            }
            $this->update_stat_cache($filename, (object) ['stat' => $stat]);
            return $stat;
        }

        $pwd = $this->pwd;
        $stat['type'] = $this->chdir($filename) ?
            NET_SFTP_TYPE_DIRECTORY :
            NET_SFTP_TYPE_REGULAR;
        $this->pwd = $pwd;

        if ($stat['type'] == NET_SFTP_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
            $filename .= '/.';
        }
        $this->update_stat_cache($filename, (object) ['stat' => $stat]);

        return $stat;
    }

    /**
     * Returns general information about a file or symbolic link.
     *
     * Returns an array on success and false otherwise.
     *
     * @param string $filename
     * @return array|false
     */
    public function lstat($filename)
    {
        if (!$this->precheck()) {
            return false;
        }

        $filename = $this->realpath($filename);
        if ($filename === false) {
            return false;
        }

        if ($this->use_stat_cache) {
            $result = $this->query_stat_cache($filename);
            if (is_array($result) && isset($result['.']) && isset($result['.']->lstat)) {
                return $result['.']->lstat;
            }
            if (is_object($result) && isset($result->lstat)) {
                return $result->lstat;
            }
        }

        $lstat = $this->stat_helper($filename, NET_SFTP_LSTAT);
        if ($lstat === false) {
            $this->remove_from_stat_cache($filename);
            return false;
        }
        if (isset($lstat['type'])) {
            if ($lstat['type'] == NET_SFTP_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
                $filename .= '/.';
            }
            $this->update_stat_cache($filename, (object) ['lstat' => $lstat]);
            return $lstat;
        }

        $stat = $this->stat_helper($filename, NET_SFTP_STAT);

        if ($lstat != $stat) {
            $lstat = array_merge($lstat, ['type' => NET_SFTP_TYPE_SYMLINK]);
            $this->update_stat_cache($filename, (object) ['lstat' => $lstat]);
            return $stat;
        }

        $pwd = $this->pwd;
        $lstat['type'] = $this->chdir($filename) ?
            NET_SFTP_TYPE_DIRECTORY :
            NET_SFTP_TYPE_REGULAR;
        $this->pwd = $pwd;

        if ($lstat['type'] == NET_SFTP_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
            $filename .= '/.';
        }
        $this->update_stat_cache($filename, (object) ['lstat' => $lstat]);

        return $lstat;
    }

    /**
     * Returns general information about a file or symbolic link
     *
     * Determines information without calling \phpseclib3\Net\SFTP::realpath().
     * The second parameter can be either NET_SFTP_STAT or NET_SFTP_LSTAT.
     *
     * @param string $filename
     * @param int $type
     * @throws \UnexpectedValueException on receipt of unexpected packets
     * @return array|false
     */
    private function stat_helper($filename, $type)
    {
        // SFTPv4+ adds an additional 32-bit integer field - flags - to the following:
        $packet = Strings::packSSH2('s', $filename);
        $this->send_sftp_packet($type, $packet);

        $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
        switch ($this->packet_type) {
            case NET_SFTP_ATTRS:
                return $this->parseAttributes($response);
            case NET_SFTP_STATUS:
                $this->logError($response);
                return false;
        }

        throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_ATTRS or NET_SFTP_STATUS. '
                                          . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
    }

    /**
     * Truncates a file to a given length
     *
     * @param string $filename
     * @param int $new_size
     * @return bool
     */
    public function truncate($filename, $new_size)
    {
        $attr = Strings::packSSH2('NQ', NET_SFTP_ATTR_SIZE, $new_size);

        return $this->setstat($filename, $attr, false);
    }

    /**
     * Sets access and modification time of file.
     *
     * If the file does not exist, it will be created.
     *
     * @param string $filename
     * @param int $time
     * @param int $atime
     * @throws \UnexpectedValueException on receipt of unexpected packets
     * @return bool
     */
    public function touch($filename, $time = null, $atime = null)
    {
        if (!$this->precheck()) {
            return false;
        }

        $filename = $this->realpath($filename);
        if ($filename === false) {
            return false;
        }

        if (!isset($time)) {
            $time = time();
        }
        if (!isset($atime)) {
            $atime = $time;
        }

        $attr = $this->version < 4 ?
            pack('N3', NET_SFTP_ATTR_ACCESSTIME, $atime, $time) :
            Strings::packSSH2('NQ2', NET_SFTP_ATTR_ACCESSTIME | NET_SFTP_ATTR_MODIFYTIME, $atime, $time);

        $packet = Strings::packSSH2('s', $filename);
        $packet .= $this->version >= 5 ?
            pack('N2', 0, NET_SFTP_OPEN_OPEN_EXISTING) :
            pack('N', NET_SFTP_OPEN_WRITE | NET_SFTP_OPEN_CREATE | NET_SFTP_OPEN_EXCL);
        $packet .= $attr;

        $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_OPEN, $packet);

        $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
        switch ($this->packet_type) {
            case NET_SFTP_HANDLE:
                return $this->close_handle(substr($response, 4));
            case NET_SFTP_STATUS:
                $this->logError($response);
                break;
            default:
                throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_HANDLE or NET_SFTP_STATUS. '
                                                  . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
        }

        return $this->setstat($filename, $attr, false);
    }

    /**
     * Changes file or directory owner
     *
     * $uid should be an int for SFTPv3 and a string for SFTPv4+. Ideally the string
     * would be of the form "user@dns_domain" but it does not need to be.
     * `$sftp->getSupportedVersions()['version']` will return the specific version
     * that's being used.
     *
     * Returns true on success or false on error.
     *
     * @param string $filename
     * @param int|string $uid
     * @param bool $recursive
     * @return bool
     */
    public function chown($filename, $uid, $recursive = false)
    {
        /*
         quoting <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13#section-7.5>,

         "To avoid a representation that is tied to a particular underlying
          implementation at the client or server, the use of UTF-8 strings has
          been chosen.  The string should be of the form "user@dns_domain".
          This will allow for a client and server that do not use the same
          local representation the ability to translate to a common syntax that
          can be interpreted by both.  In the case where there is no
          translation available to the client or server, the attribute value
          must be constructed without the "@"."

         phpseclib _could_ auto append the dns_domain to $uid BUT what if it shouldn't
         have one? phpseclib would have no way of knowing so rather than guess phpseclib
         will just use whatever value the user provided
       */

        $attr = $this->version < 4 ?
            // quoting <http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man2/chown.2.html>,
            // "if the owner or group is specified as -1, then that ID is not changed"
            pack('N3', NET_SFTP_ATTR_UIDGID, $uid, -1) :
            // quoting <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13#section-7.5>,
            // "If either the owner or group field is zero length, the field should be
            //  considered absent, and no change should be made to that specific field
            //  during a modification operation"
            Strings::packSSH2('Nss', NET_SFTP_ATTR_OWNERGROUP, $uid, '');

        return $this->setstat($filename, $attr, $recursive);
    }

    /**
     * Changes file or directory group
     *
     * $gid should be an int for SFTPv3 and a string for SFTPv4+. Ideally the string
     * would be of the form "user@dns_domain" but it does not need to be.
     * `$sftp->getSupportedVersions()['version']` will return the specific version
     * that's being used.
     *
     * Returns true on success or false on error.
     *
     * @param string $filename
     * @param int|string $gid
     * @param bool $recursive
     * @return bool
     */
    public function chgrp($filename, $gid, $recursive = false)
    {
        $attr = $this->version < 4 ?
            pack('N3', NET_SFTP_ATTR_UIDGID, -1, $gid) :
            Strings::packSSH2('Nss', NET_SFTP_ATTR_OWNERGROUP, '', $gid);

        return $this->setstat($filename, $attr, $recursive);
    }

    /**
     * Set permissions on a file.
     *
     * Returns the new file permissions on success or false on error.
     * If $recursive is true than this just returns true or false.
     *
     * @param int $mode
     * @param string $filename
     * @param bool $recursive
     * @throws \UnexpectedValueException on receipt of unexpected packets
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function chmod($mode, $filename, $recursive = false)
    {
        if (is_string($mode) && is_int($filename)) {
            $temp = $mode;
            $mode = $filename;
            $filename = $temp;
        }

        $attr = pack('N2', NET_SFTP_ATTR_PERMISSIONS, $mode & 07777);
        if (!$this->setstat($filename, $attr, $recursive)) {
            return false;
        }
        if ($recursive) {
            return true;
        }

        $filename = $this->realpath($filename);
        // rather than return what the permissions *should* be, we'll return what they actually are.  this will also
        // tell us if the file actually exists.
        // incidentally, SFTPv4+ adds an additional 32-bit integer field - flags - to the following:
        $packet = pack('Na*', strlen($filename), $filename);
        $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_STAT, $packet);

        $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
        switch ($this->packet_type) {
            case NET_SFTP_ATTRS:
                $attrs = $this->parseAttributes($response);
                return $attrs['mode'];
            case NET_SFTP_STATUS:
                $this->logError($response);
                return false;
        }

        throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_ATTRS or NET_SFTP_STATUS. '
                                          . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
    }

    /**
     * Sets information about a file
     *
     * @param string $filename
     * @param string $attr
     * @param bool $recursive
     * @throws \UnexpectedValueException on receipt of unexpected packets
     * @return bool
     */
    private function setstat($filename, $attr, $recursive)
    {
        if (!$this->precheck()) {
            return false;
        }

        $filename = $this->realpath($filename);
        if ($filename === false) {
            return false;
        }

        $this->remove_from_stat_cache($filename);

        if ($recursive) {
            $i = 0;
            $result = $this->setstat_recursive($filename, $attr, $i);
            $this->read_put_responses($i);
            return $result;
        }

        $packet = Strings::packSSH2('s', $filename);
        $packet .= $this->version >= 4 ?
            pack('a*Ca*', substr($attr, 0, 4), NET_SFTP_TYPE_UNKNOWN, substr($attr, 4)) :
            $attr;
        $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_SETSTAT, $packet);

        /*
         "Because some systems must use separate system calls to set various attributes, it is possible that a failure
          response will be returned, but yet some of the attributes may be have been successfully modified.  If possible,
          servers SHOULD avoid this situation; however, clients MUST be aware that this is possible."

          -- http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13#section-8.6
        */
        $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
        if ($this->packet_type != NET_SFTP_STATUS) {
            throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_STATUS. '
                                              . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
        }

        list($status) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N', $response);
        if ($status != NET_SFTP_STATUS_OK) {
            $this->logError($response, $status);
            return false;
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Recursively sets information on directories on the SFTP server
     *
     * Minimizes directory lookups and SSH_FXP_STATUS requests for speed.
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @param string $attr
     * @param int $i
     * @return bool
     */
    private function setstat_recursive($path, $attr, &$i)
    {
        if (!$this->read_put_responses($i)) {
            return false;
        }
        $i = 0;
        $entries = $this->readlist($path, true);

        if ($entries === false || is_int($entries)) {
            return $this->setstat($path, $attr, false);
        }

        // normally $entries would have at least . and .. but it might not if the directories
        // permissions didn't allow reading
        if (empty($entries)) {
            return false;
        }

        unset($entries['.'], $entries['..']);
        foreach ($entries as $filename => $props) {
            if (!isset($props['type'])) {
                return false;
            }

            $temp = $path . '/' . $filename;
            if ($props['type'] == NET_SFTP_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
                if (!$this->setstat_recursive($temp, $attr, $i)) {
                    return false;
                }
            } else {
                $packet = Strings::packSSH2('s', $temp);
                $packet .= $this->version >= 4 ?
                    pack('Ca*', NET_SFTP_TYPE_UNKNOWN, $attr) :
                    $attr;
                $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_SETSTAT, $packet);

                $i++;

                if ($i >= NET_SFTP_QUEUE_SIZE) {
                    if (!$this->read_put_responses($i)) {
                        return false;
                    }
                    $i = 0;
                }
            }
        }

        $packet = Strings::packSSH2('s', $path);
        $packet .= $this->version >= 4 ?
            pack('Ca*', NET_SFTP_TYPE_UNKNOWN, $attr) :
            $attr;
        $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_SETSTAT, $packet);

        $i++;

        if ($i >= NET_SFTP_QUEUE_SIZE) {
            if (!$this->read_put_responses($i)) {
                return false;
            }
            $i = 0;
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Return the target of a symbolic link
     *
     * @param string $link
     * @throws \UnexpectedValueException on receipt of unexpected packets
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function readlink($link)
    {
        if (!$this->precheck()) {
            return false;
        }

        $link = $this->realpath($link);

        $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_READLINK, Strings::packSSH2('s', $link));

        $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
        switch ($this->packet_type) {
            case NET_SFTP_NAME:
                break;
            case NET_SFTP_STATUS:
                $this->logError($response);
                return false;
            default:
                throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_NAME or NET_SFTP_STATUS. '
                                                  . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
        }

        list($count) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N', $response);
        // the file isn't a symlink
        if (!$count) {
            return false;
        }

        list($filename) = Strings::unpackSSH2('s', $response);

        return $filename;
    }

    /**
     * Create a symlink
     *
     * symlink() creates a symbolic link to the existing target with the specified name link.
     *
     * @param string $target
     * @param string $link
     * @throws \UnexpectedValueException on receipt of unexpected packets
     * @return bool
     */
    public function symlink($target, $link)
    {
        if (!$this->precheck()) {
            return false;
        }

        //$target = $this->realpath($target);
        $link = $this->realpath($link);

        /* quoting https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-09#section-12.1 :

           Changed the SYMLINK packet to be LINK and give it the ability to
           create hard links.  Also change it's packet number because many
           implementation implemented SYMLINK with the arguments reversed.
           Hopefully the new argument names make it clear which way is which.
        */
        if ($this->version == 6) {
            $type = NET_SFTP_LINK;
            $packet = Strings::packSSH2('ssC', $link, $target, 1);
        } else {
            $type = NET_SFTP_SYMLINK;
            /* quoting http://bxr.su/OpenBSD/usr.bin/ssh/PROTOCOL#347 :

               3.1. sftp: Reversal of arguments to SSH_FXP_SYMLINK

               When OpenSSH's sftp-server was implemented, the order of the arguments
               to the SSH_FXP_SYMLINK method was inadvertently reversed. Unfortunately,
               the reversal was not noticed until the server was widely deployed. Since
               fixing this to follow the specification would cause incompatibility, the
               current order was retained. For correct operation, clients should send
               SSH_FXP_SYMLINK as follows:

                   uint32      id
                   string      targetpath
                   string      linkpath */
            $packet = substr($this->server_identifier, 0, 15) == 'SSH-2.0-OpenSSH' ?
                Strings::packSSH2('ss', $target, $link) :
                Strings::packSSH2('ss', $link, $target);
        }
        $this->send_sftp_packet($type, $packet);

        $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
        if ($this->packet_type != NET_SFTP_STATUS) {
            throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_STATUS. '
                                              . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
        }

        list($status) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N', $response);
        if ($status != NET_SFTP_STATUS_OK) {
            $this->logError($response, $status);
            return false;
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a directory.
     *
     * @param string $dir
     * @param int $mode
     * @param bool $recursive
     * @return bool
     */
    public function mkdir($dir, $mode = -1, $recursive = false)
    {
        if (!$this->precheck()) {
            return false;
        }

        $dir = $this->realpath($dir);

        if ($recursive) {
            $dirs = explode('/', preg_replace('#/(?=/)|/$#', '', $dir));
            if (empty($dirs[0])) {
                array_shift($dirs);
                $dirs[0] = '/' . $dirs[0];
            }
            for ($i = 0; $i < count($dirs); $i++) {
                $temp = array_slice($dirs, 0, $i + 1);
                $temp = implode('/', $temp);
                $result = $this->mkdir_helper($temp, $mode);
            }
            return $result;
        }

        return $this->mkdir_helper($dir, $mode);
    }

    /**
     * Helper function for directory creation
     *
     * @param string $dir
     * @param int $mode
     * @return bool
     */
    private function mkdir_helper($dir, $mode)
    {
        // send SSH_FXP_MKDIR without any attributes (that's what the \0\0\0\0 is doing)
        $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_MKDIR, Strings::packSSH2('s', $dir) . "\0\0\0\0");

        $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
        if ($this->packet_type != NET_SFTP_STATUS) {
            throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_STATUS. '
                                              . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
        }

        list($status) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N', $response);
        if ($status != NET_SFTP_STATUS_OK) {
            $this->logError($response, $status);
            return false;
        }

        if ($mode !== -1) {
            $this->chmod($mode, $dir);
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Removes a directory.
     *
     * @param string $dir
     * @throws \UnexpectedValueException on receipt of unexpected packets
     * @return bool
     */
    public function rmdir($dir)
    {
        if (!$this->precheck()) {
            return false;
        }

        $dir = $this->realpath($dir);
        if ($dir === false) {
            return false;
        }

        $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_RMDIR, Strings::packSSH2('s', $dir));

        $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
        if ($this->packet_type != NET_SFTP_STATUS) {
            throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_STATUS. '
                                              . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
        }

        list($status) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N', $response);
        if ($status != NET_SFTP_STATUS_OK) {
            // presumably SSH_FX_NO_SUCH_FILE or SSH_FX_PERMISSION_DENIED?
            $this->logError($response, $status);
            return false;
        }

        $this->remove_from_stat_cache($dir);
        // the following will do a soft delete, which would be useful if you deleted a file
        // and then tried to do a stat on the deleted file. the above, in contrast, does
        // a hard delete
        //$this->update_stat_cache($dir, false);

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Uploads a file to the SFTP server.
     *
     * By default, \phpseclib3\Net\SFTP::put() does not read from the local filesystem.  $data is dumped directly into $remote_file.
     * So, for example, if you set $data to 'filename.ext' and then do \phpseclib3\Net\SFTP::get(), you will get a file, twelve bytes
     * long, containing 'filename.ext' as its contents.
     *
     * Setting $mode to self::SOURCE_LOCAL_FILE will change the above behavior.  With self::SOURCE_LOCAL_FILE, $remote_file will
     * contain as many bytes as filename.ext does on your local filesystem.  If your filename.ext is 1MB then that is how
     * large $remote_file will be, as well.
     *
     * Setting $mode to self::SOURCE_CALLBACK will use $data as callback function, which gets only one parameter -- number
     * of bytes to return, and returns a string if there is some data or null if there is no more data
     *
     * If $data is a resource then it'll be used as a resource instead.
     *
     * Currently, only binary mode is supported.  As such, if the line endings need to be adjusted, you will need to take
     * care of that, yourself.
     *
     * $mode can take an additional two parameters - self::RESUME and self::RESUME_START. These are bitwise AND'd with
     * $mode. So if you want to resume upload of a 300mb file on the local file system you'd set $mode to the following:
     *
     * self::SOURCE_LOCAL_FILE | self::RESUME
     *
     * If you wanted to simply append the full contents of a local file to the full contents of a remote file you'd replace
     * self::RESUME with self::RESUME_START.
     *
     * If $mode & (self::RESUME | self::RESUME_START) then self::RESUME_START will be assumed.
     *
     * $start and $local_start give you more fine grained control over this process and take precident over self::RESUME
     * when they're non-negative. ie. $start could let you write at the end of a file (like self::RESUME) or in the middle
     * of one. $local_start could let you start your reading from the end of a file (like self::RESUME_START) or in the
     * middle of one.
     *
     * Setting $local_start to > 0 or $mode | self::RESUME_START doesn't do anything unless $mode | self::SOURCE_LOCAL_FILE.
     *
     * {@internal ASCII mode for SFTPv4/5/6 can be supported by adding a new function - \phpseclib3\Net\SFTP::setMode().}
     *
     * @param string $remote_file
     * @param string|resource $data
     * @param int $mode
     * @param int $start
     * @param int $local_start
     * @param callable|null $progressCallback
     * @throws \UnexpectedValueException on receipt of unexpected packets
     * @throws \BadFunctionCallException if you're uploading via a callback and the callback function is invalid
     * @throws FileNotFoundException if you're uploading via a file and the file doesn't exist
     * @return bool
     */
    public function put($remote_file, $data, $mode = self::SOURCE_STRING, $start = -1, $local_start = -1, $progressCallback = null)
    {
        if (!$this->precheck()) {
            return false;
        }

        $remote_file = $this->realpath($remote_file);
        if ($remote_file === false) {
            return false;
        }

        $this->remove_from_stat_cache($remote_file);

        if ($this->version >= 5) {
            $flags = NET_SFTP_OPEN_OPEN_OR_CREATE;
        } else {
            $flags = NET_SFTP_OPEN_WRITE | NET_SFTP_OPEN_CREATE;
            // according to the SFTP specs, NET_SFTP_OPEN_APPEND should "force all writes to append data at the end of the file."
            // in practice, it doesn't seem to do that.
            //$flags|= ($mode & self::RESUME) ? NET_SFTP_OPEN_APPEND : NET_SFTP_OPEN_TRUNCATE;
        }

        if ($start >= 0) {
            $offset = $start;
        } elseif ($mode & (self::RESUME | self::RESUME_START)) {
            // if NET_SFTP_OPEN_APPEND worked as it should _size() wouldn't need to be called
            $stat = $this->stat($remote_file);
            $offset = $stat !== false && $stat['size'] ? $stat['size'] : 0;
        } else {
            $offset = 0;
            if ($this->version >= 5) {
                $flags = NET_SFTP_OPEN_CREATE_TRUNCATE;
            } else {
                $flags |= NET_SFTP_OPEN_TRUNCATE;
            }
        }

        $this->remove_from_stat_cache($remote_file);

        $packet = Strings::packSSH2('s', $remote_file);
        $packet .= $this->version >= 5 ?
            pack('N3', 0, $flags, 0) :
            pack('N2', $flags, 0);
        $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_OPEN, $packet);

        $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
        switch ($this->packet_type) {
            case NET_SFTP_HANDLE:
                $handle = substr($response, 4);
                break;
            case NET_SFTP_STATUS:
                $this->logError($response);
                return false;
            default:
                throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_HANDLE or NET_SFTP_STATUS. '
                                                  . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
        }

        // http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13#section-8.2.3
        $dataCallback = false;
        switch (true) {
            case $mode & self::SOURCE_CALLBACK:
                if (!is_callable($data)) {
                    throw new \BadFunctionCallException("\$data should be is_callable() if you specify SOURCE_CALLBACK flag");
                }
                $dataCallback = $data;
                // do nothing
                break;
            case is_resource($data):
                $mode = $mode & ~self::SOURCE_LOCAL_FILE;
                $info = stream_get_meta_data($data);
                if (isset($info['wrapper_type']) && $info['wrapper_type'] == 'PHP' && $info['stream_type'] == 'Input') {
                    $fp = fopen('php://memory', 'w+');
                    stream_copy_to_stream($data, $fp);
                    rewind($fp);
                } else {
                    $fp = $data;
                }
                break;
            case $mode & self::SOURCE_LOCAL_FILE:
                if (!is_file($data)) {
                    throw new FileNotFoundException("$data is not a valid file");
                }
                $fp = @fopen($data, 'rb');
                if (!$fp) {
                    return false;
                }
        }

        if (isset($fp)) {
            $stat = fstat($fp);
            $size = !empty($stat) ? $stat['size'] : 0;

            if ($local_start >= 0) {
                fseek($fp, $local_start);
                $size -= $local_start;
            } elseif ($mode & self::RESUME) {
                fseek($fp, $offset);
                $size -= $offset;
            }
        } elseif ($dataCallback) {
            $size = 0;
        } else {
            $size = strlen($data);
        }

        $sent = 0;
        $size = $size < 0 ? ($size & 0x7FFFFFFF) + 0x80000000 : $size;

        $sftp_packet_size = $this->max_sftp_packet;
        // make the SFTP packet be exactly the SFTP packet size by including the bytes in the NET_SFTP_WRITE packets "header"
        $sftp_packet_size -= strlen($handle) + 25;
        $i = $j = 0;
        while ($dataCallback || ($size === 0 || $sent < $size)) {
            if ($dataCallback) {
                $temp = $dataCallback($sftp_packet_size);
                if (is_null($temp)) {
                    break;
                }
            } else {
                $temp = isset($fp) ? fread($fp, $sftp_packet_size) : substr($data, $sent, $sftp_packet_size);
                if ($temp === false || $temp === '') {
                    break;
                }
            }

            $subtemp = $offset + $sent;
            $packet = pack('Na*N3a*', strlen($handle), $handle, $subtemp / 4294967296, $subtemp, strlen($temp), $temp);
            try {
                $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_WRITE, $packet, $j);
            } catch (\Exception $e) {
                if ($mode & self::SOURCE_LOCAL_FILE) {
                    fclose($fp);
                }
                throw $e;
            }
            $sent += strlen($temp);
            if (is_callable($progressCallback)) {
                $progressCallback($sent);
            }

            $i++;
            $j++;
            if ($i == NET_SFTP_UPLOAD_QUEUE_SIZE) {
                if (!$this->read_put_responses($i)) {
                    $i = 0;
                    break;
                }
                $i = 0;
            }
        }

        $result = $this->close_handle($handle);

        if (!$this->read_put_responses($i)) {
            if ($mode & self::SOURCE_LOCAL_FILE) {
                fclose($fp);
            }
            $this->close_handle($handle);
            return false;
        }

        if ($mode & SFTP::SOURCE_LOCAL_FILE) {
            if (isset($fp) && is_resource($fp)) {
                fclose($fp);
            }

            if ($this->preserveTime) {
                $stat = stat($data);
                $attr = $this->version < 4 ?
                    pack('N3', NET_SFTP_ATTR_ACCESSTIME, $stat['atime'], $stat['mtime']) :
                    Strings::packSSH2('NQ2', NET_SFTP_ATTR_ACCESSTIME | NET_SFTP_ATTR_MODIFYTIME, $stat['atime'], $stat['mtime']);
                if (!$this->setstat($remote_file, $attr, false)) {
                    throw new \RuntimeException('Error setting file time');
                }
            }
        }

        return $result;
    }

    /**
     * Reads multiple successive SSH_FXP_WRITE responses
     *
     * Sending an SSH_FXP_WRITE packet and immediately reading its response isn't as efficient as blindly sending out $i
     * SSH_FXP_WRITEs, in succession, and then reading $i responses.
     *
     * @param int $i
     * @return bool
     * @throws \UnexpectedValueException on receipt of unexpected packets
     */
    private function read_put_responses($i)
    {
        while ($i--) {
            $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
            if ($this->packet_type != NET_SFTP_STATUS) {
                throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_STATUS. '
                                                  . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
            }

            list($status) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N', $response);
            if ($status != NET_SFTP_STATUS_OK) {
                $this->logError($response, $status);
                break;
            }
        }

        return $i < 0;
    }

    /**
     * Close handle
     *
     * @param string $handle
     * @return bool
     * @throws \UnexpectedValueException on receipt of unexpected packets
     */
    private function close_handle($handle)
    {
        $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_CLOSE, pack('Na*', strlen($handle), $handle));

        // "The client MUST release all resources associated with the handle regardless of the status."
        //  -- http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13#section-8.1.3
        $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
        if ($this->packet_type != NET_SFTP_STATUS) {
            throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_STATUS. '
                                              . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
        }

        list($status) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N', $response);
        if ($status != NET_SFTP_STATUS_OK) {
            $this->logError($response, $status);
            return false;
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Downloads a file from the SFTP server.
     *
     * Returns a string containing the contents of $remote_file if $local_file is left undefined or a boolean false if
     * the operation was unsuccessful.  If $local_file is defined, returns true or false depending on the success of the
     * operation.
     *
     * $offset and $length can be used to download files in chunks.
     *
     * @param string $remote_file
     * @param string|bool|resource|callable $local_file
     * @param int $offset
     * @param int $length
     * @param callable|null $progressCallback
     * @throws \UnexpectedValueException on receipt of unexpected packets
     * @return string|bool
     */
    public function get($remote_file, $local_file = false, $offset = 0, $length = -1, $progressCallback = null)
    {
        if (!$this->precheck()) {
            return false;
        }

        $remote_file = $this->realpath($remote_file);
        if ($remote_file === false) {
            return false;
        }

        $packet = Strings::packSSH2('s', $remote_file);
        $packet .= $this->version >= 5 ?
            pack('N3', 0, NET_SFTP_OPEN_OPEN_EXISTING, 0) :
            pack('N2', NET_SFTP_OPEN_READ, 0);
        $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_OPEN, $packet);

        $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
        switch ($this->packet_type) {
            case NET_SFTP_HANDLE:
                $handle = substr($response, 4);
                break;
            case NET_SFTP_STATUS: // presumably SSH_FX_NO_SUCH_FILE or SSH_FX_PERMISSION_DENIED
                $this->logError($response);
                return false;
            default:
                throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_HANDLE or NET_SFTP_STATUS. '
                                                  . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
        }

        if (is_resource($local_file)) {
            $fp = $local_file;
            $stat = fstat($fp);
            $res_offset = $stat['size'];
        } else {
            $res_offset = 0;
            if ($local_file !== false && !is_callable($local_file)) {
                $fp = fopen($local_file, 'wb');
                if (!$fp) {
                    return false;
                }
            } else {
                $content = '';
            }
        }

        $fclose_check = $local_file !== false && !is_callable($local_file) && !is_resource($local_file);

        $start = $offset;
        $read = 0;
        while (true) {
            $i = 0;

            while ($i < NET_SFTP_QUEUE_SIZE && ($length < 0 || $read < $length)) {
                $tempoffset = $start + $read;

                $packet_size = $length > 0 ? min($this->max_sftp_packet, $length - $read) : $this->max_sftp_packet;

                $packet = Strings::packSSH2('sN3', $handle, $tempoffset / 4294967296, $tempoffset, $packet_size);
                try {
                    $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_READ, $packet, $i);
                } catch (\Exception $e) {
                    if ($fclose_check) {
                        fclose($fp);
                    }
                    throw $e;
                }
                $packet = null;
                $read += $packet_size;
                $i++;
            }

            if (!$i) {
                break;
            }

            $packets_sent = $i - 1;

            $clear_responses = false;
            while ($i > 0) {
                $i--;

                if ($clear_responses) {
                    $this->get_sftp_packet($packets_sent - $i);
                    continue;
                } else {
                    $response = $this->get_sftp_packet($packets_sent - $i);
                }

                switch ($this->packet_type) {
                    case NET_SFTP_DATA:
                        $temp = substr($response, 4);
                        $offset += strlen($temp);
                        if ($local_file === false) {
                            $content .= $temp;
                        } elseif (is_callable($local_file)) {
                            $local_file($temp);
                        } else {
                            fputs($fp, $temp);
                        }
                        if (is_callable($progressCallback)) {
                            call_user_func($progressCallback, $offset);
                        }
                        $temp = null;
                        break;
                    case NET_SFTP_STATUS:
                        // could, in theory, return false if !strlen($content) but we'll hold off for the time being
                        $this->logError($response);
                        $clear_responses = true; // don't break out of the loop yet, so we can read the remaining responses
                        break;
                    default:
                        if ($fclose_check) {
                            fclose($fp);
                        }
                        if ($this->channel_close) {
                            $this->partial_init = false;
                            $this->init_sftp_connection();
                            return false;
                        } else {
                            throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_DATA or NET_SFTP_STATUS. '
                                                              . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
                        }
                }
                $response = null;
            }

            if ($clear_responses) {
                break;
            }
        }

        if ($fclose_check) {
            fclose($fp);

            if ($this->preserveTime) {
                $stat = $this->stat($remote_file);
                touch($local_file, $stat['mtime'], $stat['atime']);
            }
        }

        if (!$this->close_handle($handle)) {
            return false;
        }

        // if $content isn't set that means a file was written to
        return isset($content) ? $content : true;
    }

    /**
     * Deletes a file on the SFTP server.
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @param bool $recursive
     * @return bool
     * @throws \UnexpectedValueException on receipt of unexpected packets
     */
    public function delete($path, $recursive = true)
    {
        if (!$this->precheck()) {
            return false;
        }

        if (is_object($path)) {
            // It's an object. Cast it as string before we check anything else.
            $path = (string) $path;
        }

        if (!is_string($path) || $path == '') {
            return false;
        }

        $path = $this->realpath($path);
        if ($path === false) {
            return false;
        }

        // http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13#section-8.3
        $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_REMOVE, pack('Na*', strlen($path), $path));

        $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
        if ($this->packet_type != NET_SFTP_STATUS) {
            throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_STATUS. '
                                              . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
        }

        // if $status isn't SSH_FX_OK it's probably SSH_FX_NO_SUCH_FILE or SSH_FX_PERMISSION_DENIED
        list($status) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N', $response);
        if ($status != NET_SFTP_STATUS_OK) {
            $this->logError($response, $status);
            if (!$recursive) {
                return false;
            }

            $i = 0;
            $result = $this->delete_recursive($path, $i);
            $this->read_put_responses($i);
            return $result;
        }

        $this->remove_from_stat_cache($path);

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Recursively deletes directories on the SFTP server
     *
     * Minimizes directory lookups and SSH_FXP_STATUS requests for speed.
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @param int $i
     * @return bool
     */
    private function delete_recursive($path, &$i)
    {
        if (!$this->read_put_responses($i)) {
            return false;
        }
        $i = 0;
        $entries = $this->readlist($path, true);

        // The folder does not exist at all, so we cannot delete it.
        if ($entries === NET_SFTP_STATUS_NO_SUCH_FILE) {
            return false;
        }

        // Normally $entries would have at least . and .. but it might not if the directories
        // permissions didn't allow reading. If this happens then default to an empty list of files.
        if ($entries === false || is_int($entries)) {
            $entries = [];
        }

        unset($entries['.'], $entries['..']);
        foreach ($entries as $filename => $props) {
            if (!isset($props['type'])) {
                return false;
            }

            $temp = $path . '/' . $filename;
            if ($props['type'] == NET_SFTP_TYPE_DIRECTORY) {
                if (!$this->delete_recursive($temp, $i)) {
                    return false;
                }
            } else {
                $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_REMOVE, Strings::packSSH2('s', $temp));
                $this->remove_from_stat_cache($temp);

                $i++;

                if ($i >= NET_SFTP_QUEUE_SIZE) {
                    if (!$this->read_put_responses($i)) {
                        return false;
                    }
                    $i = 0;
                }
            }
        }

        $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_RMDIR, Strings::packSSH2('s', $path));
        $this->remove_from_stat_cache($path);

        $i++;

        if ($i >= NET_SFTP_QUEUE_SIZE) {
            if (!$this->read_put_responses($i)) {
                return false;
            }
            $i = 0;
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Checks whether a file or directory exists
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @return bool
     */
    public function file_exists($path)
    {
        if ($this->use_stat_cache) {
            if (!$this->precheck()) {
                return false;
            }

            $path = $this->realpath($path);

            $result = $this->query_stat_cache($path);

            if (isset($result)) {
                // return true if $result is an array or if it's an stdClass object
                return $result !== false;
            }
        }

        return $this->stat($path) !== false;
    }

    /**
     * Tells whether the filename is a directory
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @return bool
     */
    public function is_dir($path)
    {
        $result = $this->get_stat_cache_prop($path, 'type');
        if ($result === false) {
            return false;
        }
        return $result === NET_SFTP_TYPE_DIRECTORY;
    }

    /**
     * Tells whether the filename is a regular file
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @return bool
     */
    public function is_file($path)
    {
        $result = $this->get_stat_cache_prop($path, 'type');
        if ($result === false) {
            return false;
        }
        return $result === NET_SFTP_TYPE_REGULAR;
    }

    /**
     * Tells whether the filename is a symbolic link
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @return bool
     */
    public function is_link($path)
    {
        $result = $this->get_lstat_cache_prop($path, 'type');
        if ($result === false) {
            return false;
        }
        return $result === NET_SFTP_TYPE_SYMLINK;
    }

    /**
     * Tells whether a file exists and is readable
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @return bool
     */
    public function is_readable($path)
    {
        if (!$this->precheck()) {
            return false;
        }

        $packet = Strings::packSSH2('sNN', $this->realpath($path), NET_SFTP_OPEN_READ, 0);
        $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_OPEN, $packet);

        $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
        switch ($this->packet_type) {
            case NET_SFTP_HANDLE:
                return true;
            case NET_SFTP_STATUS: // presumably SSH_FX_NO_SUCH_FILE or SSH_FX_PERMISSION_DENIED
                return false;
            default:
                throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_HANDLE or NET_SFTP_STATUS. '
                                                  . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Tells whether the filename is writable
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @return bool
     */
    public function is_writable($path)
    {
        if (!$this->precheck()) {
            return false;
        }

        $packet = Strings::packSSH2('sNN', $this->realpath($path), NET_SFTP_OPEN_WRITE, 0);
        $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_OPEN, $packet);

        $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
        switch ($this->packet_type) {
            case NET_SFTP_HANDLE:
                return true;
            case NET_SFTP_STATUS: // presumably SSH_FX_NO_SUCH_FILE or SSH_FX_PERMISSION_DENIED
                return false;
            default:
                throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected SSH_FXP_HANDLE or SSH_FXP_STATUS. '
                                                  . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Tells whether the filename is writeable
     *
     * Alias of is_writable
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @return bool
     */
    public function is_writeable($path)
    {
        return $this->is_writable($path);
    }

    /**
     * Gets last access time of file
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function fileatime($path)
    {
        return $this->get_stat_cache_prop($path, 'atime');
    }

    /**
     * Gets file modification time
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function filemtime($path)
    {
        return $this->get_stat_cache_prop($path, 'mtime');
    }

    /**
     * Gets file permissions
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function fileperms($path)
    {
        return $this->get_stat_cache_prop($path, 'mode');
    }

    /**
     * Gets file owner
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function fileowner($path)
    {
        return $this->get_stat_cache_prop($path, 'uid');
    }

    /**
     * Gets file group
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function filegroup($path)
    {
        return $this->get_stat_cache_prop($path, 'gid');
    }

    /**
     * Recursively go through rawlist() output to get the total filesize
     *
     * @return int
     */
    private static function recursiveFilesize(array $files)
    {
        $size = 0;
        foreach ($files as $name => $file) {
            if ($name == '.' || $name == '..') {
                continue;
            }
            $size += is_array($file) ?
                self::recursiveFilesize($file) :
                $file->size;
        }
        return $size;
    }

    /**
     * Gets file size
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @param bool $recursive
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function filesize($path, $recursive = false)
    {
        return !$recursive || $this->filetype($path) != 'dir' ?
            $this->get_stat_cache_prop($path, 'size') :
            self::recursiveFilesize($this->rawlist($path, true));
    }

    /**
     * Gets file type
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @return string|false
     */
    public function filetype($path)
    {
        $type = $this->get_stat_cache_prop($path, 'type');
        if ($type === false) {
            return false;
        }

        switch ($type) {
            case NET_SFTP_TYPE_BLOCK_DEVICE:
                return 'block';
            case NET_SFTP_TYPE_CHAR_DEVICE:
                return 'char';
            case NET_SFTP_TYPE_DIRECTORY:
                return 'dir';
            case NET_SFTP_TYPE_FIFO:
                return 'fifo';
            case NET_SFTP_TYPE_REGULAR:
                return 'file';
            case NET_SFTP_TYPE_SYMLINK:
                return 'link';
            default:
                return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Return a stat properity
     *
     * Uses cache if appropriate.
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @param string $prop
     * @return mixed
     */
    private function get_stat_cache_prop($path, $prop)
    {
        return $this->get_xstat_cache_prop($path, $prop, 'stat');
    }

    /**
     * Return an lstat properity
     *
     * Uses cache if appropriate.
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @param string $prop
     * @return mixed
     */
    private function get_lstat_cache_prop($path, $prop)
    {
        return $this->get_xstat_cache_prop($path, $prop, 'lstat');
    }

    /**
     * Return a stat or lstat properity
     *
     * Uses cache if appropriate.
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @param string $prop
     * @param string $type
     * @return mixed
     */
    private function get_xstat_cache_prop($path, $prop, $type)
    {
        if (!$this->precheck()) {
            return false;
        }

        if ($this->use_stat_cache) {
            $path = $this->realpath($path);

            $result = $this->query_stat_cache($path);

            if (is_object($result) && isset($result->$type)) {
                return $result->{$type}[$prop];
            }
        }

        $result = $this->$type($path);

        if ($result === false || !isset($result[$prop])) {
            return false;
        }

        return $result[$prop];
    }

    /**
     * Renames a file or a directory on the SFTP server.
     *
     * If the file already exists this will return false
     *
     * @param string $oldname
     * @param string $newname
     * @return bool
     * @throws \UnexpectedValueException on receipt of unexpected packets
     */
    public function rename($oldname, $newname)
    {
        if (!$this->precheck()) {
            return false;
        }

        $oldname = $this->realpath($oldname);
        $newname = $this->realpath($newname);
        if ($oldname === false || $newname === false) {
            return false;
        }

        // http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13#section-8.3
        $packet = Strings::packSSH2('ss', $oldname, $newname);
        if ($this->version >= 5) {
            /* quoting https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-05#section-6.5 ,

               'flags' is 0 or a combination of:

                   SSH_FXP_RENAME_OVERWRITE  0x00000001
                   SSH_FXP_RENAME_ATOMIC     0x00000002
                   SSH_FXP_RENAME_NATIVE     0x00000004

               (none of these are currently supported) */
            $packet .= "\0\0\0\0";
        }
        $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_RENAME, $packet);

        $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
        if ($this->packet_type != NET_SFTP_STATUS) {
            throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_STATUS. '
                                              . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
        }

        // if $status isn't SSH_FX_OK it's probably SSH_FX_NO_SUCH_FILE or SSH_FX_PERMISSION_DENIED
        list($status) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N', $response);
        if ($status != NET_SFTP_STATUS_OK) {
            $this->logError($response, $status);
            return false;
        }

        // don't move the stat cache entry over since this operation could very well change the
        // atime and mtime attributes
        //$this->update_stat_cache($newname, $this->query_stat_cache($oldname));
        $this->remove_from_stat_cache($oldname);
        $this->remove_from_stat_cache($newname);

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Parse Time
     *
     * See '7.7.  Times' of draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13 for more info.
     *
     * @param string $key
     * @param int $flags
     * @param string $response
     * @return array
     */
    private function parseTime($key, $flags, &$response)
    {
        $attr = [];
        list($attr[$key]) = Strings::unpackSSH2('Q', $response);
        if ($flags & NET_SFTP_ATTR_SUBSECOND_TIMES) {
            list($attr[$key . '-nseconds']) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N', $response);
        }
        return $attr;
    }

    /**
     * Parse Attributes
     *
     * See '7.  File Attributes' of draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13 for more info.
     *
     * @param string $response
     * @return array
     */
    protected function parseAttributes(&$response)
    {
        if ($this->version >= 4) {
            list($flags, $attr['type']) = Strings::unpackSSH2('NC', $response);
        } else {
            list($flags) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N', $response);
        }

        foreach (self::$attributes as $key => $value) {
            switch ($flags & $key) {
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_UIDGID:
                    if ($this->version > 3) {
                        continue 2;
                    }
                    break;
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_CREATETIME:
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_MODIFYTIME:
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_ACL:
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_OWNERGROUP:
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_SUBSECOND_TIMES:
                    if ($this->version < 4) {
                        continue 2;
                    }
                    break;
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_BITS:
                    if ($this->version < 5) {
                        continue 2;
                    }
                    break;
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_ALLOCATION_SIZE:
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_TEXT_HINT:
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_MIME_TYPE:
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_LINK_COUNT:
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_UNTRANSLATED_NAME:
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_CTIME:
                    if ($this->version < 6) {
                        continue 2;
                    }
            }
            switch ($flags & $key) {
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_SIZE:             // 0x00000001
                    // The size attribute is defined as an unsigned 64-bit integer.
                    // The following will use floats on 32-bit platforms, if necessary.
                    // As can be seen in the BigInteger class, floats are generally
                    // IEEE 754 binary64 "double precision" on such platforms and
                    // as such can represent integers of at least 2^50 without loss
                    // of precision. Interpreted in filesize, 2^50 bytes = 1024 TiB.
                    list($attr['size']) = Strings::unpackSSH2('Q', $response);
                    break;
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_UIDGID: // 0x00000002 (SFTPv3 only)
                    list($attr['uid'], $attr['gid']) = Strings::unpackSSH2('NN', $response);
                    break;
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_PERMISSIONS: // 0x00000004
                    list($attr['mode']) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N', $response);
                    $fileType = $this->parseMode($attr['mode']);
                    if ($this->version < 4 && $fileType !== false) {
                        $attr += ['type' => $fileType];
                    }
                    break;
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_ACCESSTIME: // 0x00000008
                    if ($this->version >= 4) {
                        $attr += $this->parseTime('atime', $flags, $response);
                        break;
                    }
                    list($attr['atime'], $attr['mtime']) = Strings::unpackSSH2('NN', $response);
                    break;
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_CREATETIME:       // 0x00000010 (SFTPv4+)
                    $attr += $this->parseTime('createtime', $flags, $response);
                    break;
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_MODIFYTIME:       // 0x00000020
                    $attr += $this->parseTime('mtime', $flags, $response);
                    break;
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_ACL:              // 0x00000040
                    // access control list
                    // see https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-04#section-5.7
                    // currently unsupported
                    list($count) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N', $response);
                    for ($i = 0; $i < $count; $i++) {
                        list($type, $flag, $mask, $who) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N3s', $result);
                    }
                    break;
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_OWNERGROUP:       // 0x00000080
                    list($attr['owner'], $attr['$group']) = Strings::unpackSSH2('ss', $response);
                    break;
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_SUBSECOND_TIMES:  // 0x00000100
                    break;
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_BITS:             // 0x00000200 (SFTPv5+)
                    // see https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-05#section-5.8
                    // currently unsupported
                    // tells if you file is:
                    // readonly, system, hidden, case inensitive, archive, encrypted, compressed, sparse
                    // append only, immutable, sync
                    list($attrib_bits, $attrib_bits_valid) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N2', $response);
                    // if we were actually gonna implement the above it ought to be
                    // $attr['attrib-bits'] and $attr['attrib-bits-valid']
                    // eg. - instead of _
                    break;
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_ALLOCATION_SIZE:  // 0x00000400 (SFTPv6+)
                    // see https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13#section-7.4
                    // represents the number of bytes that the file consumes on the disk. will
                    // usually be larger than the 'size' field
                    list($attr['allocation-size']) = Strings::unpackSSH2('Q', $response);
                    break;
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_TEXT_HINT:        // 0x00000800
                    // https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13#section-7.10
                    // currently unsupported
                    // tells if file is "known text", "guessed text", "known binary", "guessed binary"
                    list($text_hint) = Strings::unpackSSH2('C', $response);
                    // the above should be $attr['text-hint']
                    break;
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_MIME_TYPE:        // 0x00001000
                    // see https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13#section-7.11
                    list($attr['mime-type']) = Strings::unpackSSH2('s', $response);
                    break;
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_LINK_COUNT:       // 0x00002000
                    // see https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13#section-7.12
                    list($attr['link-count']) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N', $response);
                    break;
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_UNTRANSLATED_NAME:// 0x00004000
                    // see https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13#section-7.13
                    list($attr['untranslated-name']) = Strings::unpackSSH2('s', $response);
                    break;
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_CTIME:            // 0x00008000
                    // 'ctime' contains the last time the file attributes were changed.  The
                    // exact meaning of this field depends on the server.
                    $attr += $this->parseTime('ctime', $flags, $response);
                    break;
                case NET_SFTP_ATTR_EXTENDED: // 0x80000000
                    list($count) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N', $response);
                    for ($i = 0; $i < $count; $i++) {
                        list($key, $value) = Strings::unpackSSH2('ss', $response);
                        $attr[$key] = $value;
                    }
            }
        }
        return $attr;
    }

    /**
     * Attempt to identify the file type
     *
     * Quoting the SFTP RFC, "Implementations MUST NOT send bits that are not defined" but they seem to anyway
     *
     * @param int $mode
     * @return int
     */
    private function parseMode($mode)
    {
        // values come from http://lxr.free-electrons.com/source/include/uapi/linux/stat.h#L12
        // see, also, http://linux.die.net/man/2/stat
        switch ($mode & 0170000) {// ie. 1111 0000 0000 0000
            case 0000000: // no file type specified - figure out the file type using alternative means
                return false;
            case 0040000:
                return NET_SFTP_TYPE_DIRECTORY;
            case 0100000:
                return NET_SFTP_TYPE_REGULAR;
            case 0120000:
                return NET_SFTP_TYPE_SYMLINK;
            // new types introduced in SFTPv5+
            // http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-05#section-5.2
            case 0010000: // named pipe (fifo)
                return NET_SFTP_TYPE_FIFO;
            case 0020000: // character special
                return NET_SFTP_TYPE_CHAR_DEVICE;
            case 0060000: // block special
                return NET_SFTP_TYPE_BLOCK_DEVICE;
            case 0140000: // socket
                return NET_SFTP_TYPE_SOCKET;
            case 0160000: // whiteout
                // "SPECIAL should be used for files that are of
                //  a known type which cannot be expressed in the protocol"
                return NET_SFTP_TYPE_SPECIAL;
            default:
                return NET_SFTP_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Parse Longname
     *
     * SFTPv3 doesn't provide any easy way of identifying a file type.  You could try to open
     * a file as a directory and see if an error is returned or you could try to parse the
     * SFTPv3-specific longname field of the SSH_FXP_NAME packet.  That's what this function does.
     * The result is returned using the
     * {@link http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-04#section-5.2 SFTPv4 type constants}.
     *
     * If the longname is in an unrecognized format bool(false) is returned.
     *
     * @param string $longname
     * @return mixed
     */
    private function parseLongname($longname)
    {
        // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_file_types
        // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_permissions#Notation_of_traditional_Unix_permissions
        if (preg_match('#^[^/]([r-][w-][xstST-]){3}#', $longname)) {
            switch ($longname[0]) {
                case '-':
                    return NET_SFTP_TYPE_REGULAR;
                case 'd':
                    return NET_SFTP_TYPE_DIRECTORY;
                case 'l':
                    return NET_SFTP_TYPE_SYMLINK;
                default:
                    return NET_SFTP_TYPE_SPECIAL;
            }
        }

        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Sends SFTP Packets
     *
     * See '6. General Packet Format' of draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13 for more info.
     *
     * @param int $type
     * @param string $data
     * @param int $request_id
     * @see self::_get_sftp_packet()
     * @see self::send_channel_packet()
     * @return void
     */
    private function send_sftp_packet($type, $data, $request_id = 1)
    {
        // in SSH2.php the timeout is cumulative per function call. eg. exec() will
        // timeout after 10s. but for SFTP.php it's cumulative per packet
        $this->curTimeout = $this->timeout;
        $this->is_timeout = false;

        $packet = $this->use_request_id ?
            pack('NCNa*', strlen($data) + 5, $type, $request_id, $data) :
            pack('NCa*', strlen($data) + 1, $type, $data);

        $start = microtime(true);
        $this->send_channel_packet(self::CHANNEL, $packet);
        $stop = microtime(true);

        if (defined('NET_SFTP_LOGGING')) {
            $packet_type = '-> ' . self::$packet_types[$type] .
                           ' (' . round($stop - $start, 4) . 's)';
            $this->append_log($packet_type, $data);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Resets the SFTP channel for re-use
     */
    private function reset_sftp()
    {
        $this->use_request_id = false;
        $this->pwd = false;
        $this->requestBuffer = [];
        $this->partial_init = false;
    }

    /**
     * Resets a connection for re-use
     */
    protected function reset_connection()
    {
        parent::reset_connection();
        $this->reset_sftp();
    }

    /**
     * Receives SFTP Packets
     *
     * See '6. General Packet Format' of draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13 for more info.
     *
     * Incidentally, the number of SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_DATA messages has no bearing on the number of SFTP packets present.
     * There can be one SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_DATA messages containing two SFTP packets or there can be two SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_DATA
     * messages containing one SFTP packet.
     *
     * @see self::_send_sftp_packet()
     * @return string
     */
    private function get_sftp_packet($request_id = null)
    {
        $this->channel_close = false;

        if (isset($request_id) && isset($this->requestBuffer[$request_id])) {
            $this->packet_type = $this->requestBuffer[$request_id]['packet_type'];
            $temp = $this->requestBuffer[$request_id]['packet'];
            unset($this->requestBuffer[$request_id]);
            return $temp;
        }

        // in SSH2.php the timeout is cumulative per function call. eg. exec() will
        // timeout after 10s. but for SFTP.php it's cumulative per packet
        $this->curTimeout = $this->timeout;
        $this->is_timeout = false;

        $start = microtime(true);

        // SFTP packet length
        while (strlen($this->packet_buffer) < 4) {
            $temp = $this->get_channel_packet(self::CHANNEL, true);
            if ($temp === true) {
                if ($this->channel_status[self::CHANNEL] === NET_SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_CLOSE) {
                    $this->channel_close = true;
                }
                $this->packet_type = false;
                $this->packet_buffer = '';
                return false;
            }
            $this->packet_buffer .= $temp;
        }
        if (strlen($this->packet_buffer) < 4) {
            throw new \RuntimeException('Packet is too small');
        }
        extract(unpack('Nlength', Strings::shift($this->packet_buffer, 4)));
        /** @var integer $length */

        $tempLength = $length;
        $tempLength -= strlen($this->packet_buffer);

        // 256 * 1024 is what SFTP_MAX_MSG_LENGTH is set to in OpenSSH's sftp-common.h
        if (!$this->allow_arbitrary_length_packets && !$this->use_request_id && $tempLength > 256 * 1024) {
            throw new \RuntimeException('Invalid Size');
        }

        // SFTP packet type and data payload
        while ($tempLength > 0) {
            $temp = $this->get_channel_packet(self::CHANNEL, true);
            if ($temp === true) {
                if ($this->channel_status[self::CHANNEL] === NET_SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_CLOSE) {
                    $this->channel_close = true;
                }
                $this->packet_type = false;
                $this->packet_buffer = '';
                return false;
            }
            $this->packet_buffer .= $temp;
            $tempLength -= strlen($temp);
        }

        $stop = microtime(true);

        $this->packet_type = ord(Strings::shift($this->packet_buffer));

        if ($this->use_request_id) {
            extract(unpack('Npacket_id', Strings::shift($this->packet_buffer, 4))); // remove the request id
            $length -= 5; // account for the request id and the packet type
        } else {
            $length -= 1; // account for the packet type
        }

        $packet = Strings::shift($this->packet_buffer, $length);

        if (defined('NET_SFTP_LOGGING')) {
            $packet_type = '<- ' . self::$packet_types[$this->packet_type] .
                           ' (' . round($stop - $start, 4) . 's)';
            $this->append_log($packet_type, $packet);
        }

        if (isset($request_id) && $this->use_request_id && $packet_id != $request_id) {
            $this->requestBuffer[$packet_id] = [
                'packet_type' => $this->packet_type,
                'packet' => $packet
            ];
            return $this->get_sftp_packet($request_id);
        }

        return $packet;
    }

    /**
     * Logs data packets
     *
     * Makes sure that only the last 1MB worth of packets will be logged
     *
     * @param string $message_number
     * @param string $message
     */
    private function append_log($message_number, $message)
    {
        $this->append_log_helper(
            NET_SFTP_LOGGING,
            $message_number,
            $message,
            $this->packet_type_log,
            $this->packet_log,
            $this->log_size,
            $this->realtime_log_file,
            $this->realtime_log_wrap,
            $this->realtime_log_size
        );
    }

    /**
     * Returns a log of the packets that have been sent and received.
     *
     * Returns a string if NET_SFTP_LOGGING == self::LOG_COMPLEX, an array if NET_SFTP_LOGGING == self::LOG_SIMPLE and false if !defined('NET_SFTP_LOGGING')
     *
     * @return array|string|false
     */
    public function getSFTPLog()
    {
        if (!defined('NET_SFTP_LOGGING')) {
            return false;
        }

        switch (NET_SFTP_LOGGING) {
            case self::LOG_COMPLEX:
                return $this->format_log($this->packet_log, $this->packet_type_log);
                break;
            //case self::LOG_SIMPLE:
            default:
                return $this->packet_type_log;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns all errors on the SFTP layer
     *
     * @return array
     */
    public function getSFTPErrors()
    {
        return $this->sftp_errors;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the last error on the SFTP layer
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getLastSFTPError()
    {
        return count($this->sftp_errors) ? $this->sftp_errors[count($this->sftp_errors) - 1] : '';
    }

    /**
     * Get supported SFTP versions
     *
     * @return array
     */
    public function getSupportedVersions()
    {
        if (!($this->bitmap & SSH2::MASK_LOGIN)) {
            return false;
        }

        if (!$this->partial_init) {
            $this->partial_init_sftp_connection();
        }

        $temp = ['version' => $this->defaultVersion];
        if (isset($this->extensions['versions'])) {
            $temp['extensions'] = $this->extensions['versions'];
        }
        return $temp;
    }

    /**
     * Get supported SFTP extensions
     *
     * @return array
     */
    public function getSupportedExtensions()
    {
        if (!($this->bitmap & SSH2::MASK_LOGIN)) {
            return false;
        }

        if (!$this->partial_init) {
            $this->partial_init_sftp_connection();
        }

        return $this->extensions;
    }

    /**
     * Get supported SFTP versions
     *
     * @return int|false
     */
    public function getNegotiatedVersion()
    {
        if (!$this->precheck()) {
            return false;
        }

        return $this->version;
    }

    /**
     * Set preferred version
     *
     * If you're preferred version isn't supported then the highest supported
     * version of SFTP will be utilized. Set to null or false or int(0) to
     * unset the preferred version
     *
     * @param int $version
     */
    public function setPreferredVersion($version)
    {
        $this->preferredVersion = $version;
    }

    /**
     * Disconnect
     *
     * @param int $reason
     * @return false
     */
    protected function disconnect_helper($reason)
    {
        $this->pwd = false;
        return parent::disconnect_helper($reason);
    }

    /**
     * Enable Date Preservation
     *
     */
    public function enableDatePreservation()
    {
        $this->preserveTime = true;
    }

    /**
     * Disable Date Preservation
     *
     */
    public function disableDatePreservation()
    {
        $this->preserveTime = false;
    }

    /**
     * POSIX Rename
     *
     * Where rename() fails "if there already exists a file with the name specified by newpath"
     * (draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-02#section-6.5), posix_rename() overwrites the existing file in an atomic fashion.
     * ie. "there is no observable instant in time where the name does not refer to either the old or the new file"
     * (draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13#page-39).
     *
     * @param string $oldname
     * @param string $newname
     * @return bool
     */
    public function posix_rename($oldname, $newname)
    {
        if (!$this->precheck()) {
            return false;
        }

        $oldname = $this->realpath($oldname);
        $newname = $this->realpath($newname);
        if ($oldname === false || $newname === false) {
            return false;
        }

        if ($this->version >= 5) {
            $packet = Strings::packSSH2('ssN', $oldname, $newname, 2); // 2 = SSH_FXP_RENAME_ATOMIC
            $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_RENAME, $packet);
        } elseif (isset($this->extensions['posix-rename@openssh.com']) && $this->extensions['posix-rename@openssh.com'] === '1') {
            $packet = Strings::packSSH2('sss', 'posix-rename@openssh.com', $oldname, $newname);
            $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_EXTENDED, $packet);
        } else {
            throw new \RuntimeException(
                "Extension 'posix-rename@openssh.com' is not supported by the server. " .
                "Call getSupportedVersions() to see a list of supported extension"
            );
        }

        $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
        if ($this->packet_type != NET_SFTP_STATUS) {
            throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expected NET_SFTP_STATUS. '
                                              . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type);
        }

        // if $status isn't SSH_FX_OK it's probably SSH_FX_NO_SUCH_FILE or SSH_FX_PERMISSION_DENIED
        list($status) = Strings::unpackSSH2('N', $response);
        if ($status != NET_SFTP_STATUS_OK) {
            $this->logError($response, $status);
            return false;
        }

        // don't move the stat cache entry over since this operation could very well change the
        // atime and mtime attributes
        //$this->update_stat_cache($newname, $this->query_stat_cache($oldname));
        $this->remove_from_stat_cache($oldname);
        $this->remove_from_stat_cache($newname);

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Returns general information about a file system.
     *
     * The function statvfs() returns information about a mounted filesystem.
     * @see https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/statvfs.3.html
     *
     * @param string $path
     * @return false|array{bsize: int, frsize: int, blocks: int, bfree: int, bavail: int, files: int, ffree: int, favail: int, fsid: int, flag: int, namemax: int}
     */
    public function statvfs($path)
    {
        if (!$this->precheck()) {
            return false;
        }

        if (!isset($this->extensions['statvfs@openssh.com']) || $this->extensions['statvfs@openssh.com'] !== '2') {
            throw new \RuntimeException(
                "Extension 'statvfs@openssh.com' is not supported by the server. " .
                "Call getSupportedVersions() to see a list of supported extension"
            );
        }

        $realpath = $this->realpath($path);
        if ($realpath === false) {
            return false;
        }

        $packet = Strings::packSSH2('ss', 'statvfs@openssh.com', $realpath);
        $this->send_sftp_packet(NET_SFTP_EXTENDED, $packet);

        $response = $this->get_sftp_packet();
        if ($this->packet_type !== NET_SFTP_EXTENDED_REPLY) {
            throw new \UnexpectedValueException(
                'Expected SSH_FXP_EXTENDED_REPLY. '
                . 'Got packet type: ' . $this->packet_type
            );
        }

        /**
         * These requests return a SSH_FXP_STATUS reply on failure. On success they
         * return the following SSH_FXP_EXTENDED_REPLY reply:
         *
         * uint32        id
         * uint64        f_bsize     file system block size
         * uint64        f_frsize     fundamental fs block size
         * uint64        f_blocks     number of blocks (unit f_frsize)
         * uint64        f_bfree      free blocks in file system
         * uint64        f_bavail     free blocks for non-root
         * uint64        f_files      total file inodes
         * uint64        f_ffree      free file inodes
         * uint64        f_favail     free file inodes for to non-root
         * uint64        f_fsid       file system id
         * uint64        f_flag       bit mask of f_flag values
         * uint64        f_namemax    maximum filename length
         */
        return array_combine(
            ['bsize', 'frsize', 'blocks', 'bfree', 'bavail', 'files', 'ffree', 'favail', 'fsid', 'flag', 'namemax'],
            Strings::unpackSSH2('QQQQQQQQQQQ', $response)
        );
    }
}